Dr V.J.Inglezakis Chemical Engineer (MSc, PhD) TAIEX Workshop on Waste Sofia, July 2009 Overview of the EU situation as regard the Landfill Directive and its specified targets

Chemical Engineer, MSc and PhD in Chemical Engineering Resident Twinning Advisor (PAA/RTA) in Slovakia ( ) and in Romania ( ) for the implementation of the EU environmental legislation Short-term expert (STE) in other Twinning, TW Light, TA etc Projects (IPPC/China, ELVs/Romania, Hazardous Waste/Latvia, Domestic Waste/Romania, IPPC & SEVESO/Russia and others) Research Staff of NTUA/UEST (Athens/Greece) Collaborator of Ministries (Romania/Greece)

The framework in waste management

Waste Framework Dir. (Dir.2008/98) Waste Streams Waste Treatment Operations Landfill 99/31/EC Sewage Sludge Dir. 86/278/EEC Batteries and Accumulators Dir. 91/157/EEC & 93/86/EEC COM(2003)723 Packaging and Packaging Waste Dir. 94/62/EC PCBs Dir.96/59/EC End-of-life Vehicles Dir 2000/53 EC Hazardous Waste Directive Dir.91/689/EEC Waste Shipment Regulation (Reg. (EEC) 259/93, revised – Reg. (EC) 1013/2006 Framework Legislation Incineration 89/369 & 429 (MW) 94/67 (HW) Replaced by 2000/76/EC Mining Waste Dir 2006/21/EC Recycling EU Standards, …, as part of Recycling Strategy Waste oils Dir 75/439/EEC Titanium Dioxide Dir 78/176/EEC Waste electric and electronic equipment Dir.2002/95EC Restriction of Hazardous Substances Dir.2002/95EC repeal with WFD revision Simplify in 2006 Up-date in 2007 New proposal in co-decision

Solid Waste Legislation Timeline rd Waste Directive 1 st Waste Directive Incineration Directive Landfill Directive TFS 1 TFS 2 IPPC (2 nd ) Waste Directive Hazardous Waste Directive OILs Sewage Sludge Directive PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY INATITIVES (PCB’S, BATTERIES,..) PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY INATITIVES (WEEE, ELV,..) RoHS Titanium Dioxide Directive Waste Statistics Packaging Waste, Waste Catalogue, Hazardous Waste List WEEE

Important Definitions (Directive 2008/98/EC) Recycling: means any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes. It includes the reprocessing of organic material but does not include energy recovery and the reprocessing into materials that are to be used as fuels or for backfilling operations; Reuse: means any operation by which products or components that are not waste are used again for the same purpose for which they were conceived

Recovery: means any operation the principal result of which is waste serving a useful purpose by replacing other materials which would otherwise have been used to fulfil a particular function, or waste being prepared to fulfil that function, in the plant or in the wider economy. Annex II sets out a non-exhaustive list of recovery operations; This includes incineration facilities dedicated to the processing of municipal solid waste only where their energy efficiency is equal to or above Disposal: means any operation which is not recovery even where the operation has as a secondary consequence the reclamation of substances or energy. Annex I sets out a non- exhaustive list of disposal operations;

Disposal Municipal Solid Waste Avoidance Reuse Recycling Recovery Number of existing landfills in EU-15 (as per 2006): % for non-hazardous waste (6.286) 33% for inert waste (3.416) 5% for hazardous waste (504) European Waste Hierarchy

Waste Acceptance Criteria (Decision 33/2003)

A simplified sketch of a waste management system and the objectives of landfill policy

One of the organization schemes Inter-municipal waste management company New landfill Closed landfills Composting sites Bulky waste sites Municipalities County Waste collectors Waste producers Legal acts Cash flow Waste flow

The Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC and its targets

13 General Targets To reduce biodegradable waste going to landfill to 75% of 1995 figures by 2010 and to 35% by 2020 (this included paper, card, food, garden waste and organic textiles) The regulations aim to reduce the volume of waste and increase recycling rates. Composting and careful segregation of waste types for recycling will need to be encouraged to fulfill the targets. To ban the co-disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste. Three separate landfill types will be required for hazardous, non-hazardous and inert wastes. The requirement to treat most wastes before they are landfilled. To ban the disposal of whole tyres at landill sites by 2003, and by 2006 tyre granules will not be allowed in landfills. To ban landfilling of liquid wastes, certain clinical waste and certain hazardous wastes. Increase the level of control, monitoring and reporting at landill sites.

Reduction targets for the landfilling of biodegradable waste (based on data for 1995): 75 % by % by % by 2016 Sewage sludge is not biodegradable municipal waste! The 2016 target already reached by AT, BE, DK, DE, NL and SE. The 2009 target reached by FR, IT and FI are close to it. The 2006 target has not been reached by ES, PT, IE, UK, GR Key elements of the Landfill Directive

35% 2016/ 50% 2009/ 75% 2006/ …of amounts stated 1995 in EUROSTAT (or latest year before) * Countries which put more than 80% of Municipal Waste (EUROSTAT 1995) into landfills may extend the period for maximal 4 years (Applies e.g. for: UK, ES, all 10 new MS) 2010* 2013* 2020* FI, IT FR AT, BE (Flan.), DE, DK, NL,SE Reached aim already in 2003 Targets to be re-examined by 2014 Commission works on Standards for Composting since 2007 Reduction targets for biodegradable municipal waste (Article 5)

MS shall develop national strategies for reduction of biodegradable waste using recycling, composting, biogas production and material/energy recovery Any waste that is capable of undergoing anaerobic or aerobic decomposition Paper and cardboard Waste from kitchen, food courts etc. Market wasteWood Waste from gardens & parks Textile materials Definition and strategies for biodegradable waste

EU Waste Composition (2004)

The situation in Europe in numbers

Overview On average, the European citizen generated 10 % more waste in 2007 than in 1995 (Eurostat). On average the generation of waste is about 500 kg per capita ranging from 300 to 800 kg per capita (2007). In 1995, 62 % of municipal waste was landfilled on average and in 2007 this had fallen to 42 %. Thirteen countries had either no incineration or incinerated less than 10 % of their municipal waste in Eight EU ‑ 15 Member States incinerated more than 20 % of municipal waste. According to recently published data, 22 % of municipal waste generated in 2007 has been recycled and 17 % composted (Eurostat, 2009). Biodegradable municipal waste (bio-waste, paper and cardboard, and biodegradable textiles) make up a considerable share of municipal waste — approximately 60–70 % in most countries. The generation of BMW has been relatively stable over the period 1995– 2006 although its production varies between countries and regions ( kg per capita). In in the old Member States the level of MW recycling varies from 60 kilogram to 370 kilogram per capita. In the new Member States the level varies from 20 kilogram to 100 kilogram per capita.

Overview (up to 2007) Total MW: kg/capita Total BMW: kg/capita Recycling rate: kg/capita 1. Paper/cardboard: kg/capita 2. Bio-waste: kg/capita 3. Plastic: 1-50 kg/capita 4. Glass: 5-45 kg/capita 5. Metal: 2-25 kg/capita

Generation of municipal waste in the EU ‑ 27, 1995 and 2007

Municipal Waste Landfilled per Capita

Projections - ETC/RWM 2007 (EU 25)

Projections - ETC/RWM 2007 (New and old MS)

GDP and Waste Generation The New Member States, with about 26% of the total EU population, generate only 16% of the total waste.

GDP and Packaging Waste

Municipal waste, 2007 Municipal waste generated,kg Municipal waste treated, %: per person Landfilled Incinerated Recycled Composted EU Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia * - Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom

Landfill of Waste for Year 2007 (%)

Romania & Greece - Summary ROMANIAGREECE POPULATION TOTAL WASTE (tn) MUNICIPAL WASTE (tn) (2.8%) (17%) BMW (organic only)47% of MW44% of MW Directed to landfills (% of MW)95%85% HAZARDOUS WASTE (tn) (0.3%) (1.14%) NUMBER OF LANDFILLS225 operating 20 comply 78 under closure (2009) 101 transition period (2017) 65 under preparatory studies/construction 65 operating (most non-comply <2012) 32 under construction 41 preparatory studies ILLEGAL LANDFILLS

Lessons learned from Europe The Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Austria:  Have met targets of diversion of biodegradable waste  Strong waste management infrastructure (incineration or MBT) Ireland, the UK, France, Spain, Italy: still strong reliance on landfilling

Strategy on biodegradable waste Distance to targets (2003)

Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Strategy on biodegradable waste

BMW: What happens to it? LANDFILL (2003)

BMW: What happens to it? INCINERATION (2003)

BMW: What happens to it? COMPOSTING (2003)

BMW: What happens to it? MATERIAL RECYCLING (2003)

Lessons learned from Europe “good results countries” have:  Regime of certainty: strong planning, landfill bans, strict regulation, municipal (co-)ownership reducing financial risks;  Partnership between government levels: transparant responsibilities, thorough consultation, local implementation;  Public trust: separate local waste taxes (transparency), strict adherence to EU requirements;  Integrated approach across waste streams: integration of household and industrial waste leads to cost reductions.

Lessons learned from Europe “bad results countries” have:  Lack of certainty which creates difficulties in securing key waste management infrastructure;  Poor strategic planning capability with little cooperation between tiers of government;  Weak local accountability and ownership of waste related issues so that issues are repeatedly deferred;  Politically inconsistent messages and fiscal incentives which contradict the promotion of the waste hierarchy.

AT: Legal obligation for separate collection biowaste, packaging waste, biodegradable fraction C&D waste; landfilling only of wastes pretreated by incineration or MBT in order to obtain TOC <5% BE Flanders: Landfilling ban for unsorted MSW, waste collected for recovery and combustible fraction (TOC >6%) DK: Landfilling ban for all combustible waste fractions (incineration) DE: General legal obligation for separation; biodegradable MSW composted, packaging waste recovered; general ban for landfilling of untreated waste (pre-treatment MBT or incineration) Implementation examples (2005) – Biodegradable waste

LU: separate collection kitchen, green waste, paper, wood; pre-treatment installations for MSW at landfills (sorting, shredding, homogenisation, organic stabilisation) NL: High share of incineration for MSW; targets for separate collection organic waste, ban on landfilling separately collected biowaste (composting, fermentation) SE: Landfiling ban for combustible and organic waste; high share incineration growing share biological treatment Implementation examples (2005) – Biodegradable waste

Landfill tax in 13 EU countries (€/ton, )

A target in the … bin Simple/cheap means – huge impact: equip small and medium communities with separate collection bins Implement wide public awareness campaigns – without the people we cannot have results whatever the legislation imposes