ANTHONY PYM MODELS IN TRANSLATION HISTORY

© Intercultural Studies Group Economic capital Social capital (who you know) Symbolic capital (prestige) Cultural capital (knowledge) Happiness A MODEL OF EXCHANGE (BOURDIEU)

© Intercultural Studies Group Task: Draw a model of translation. ST  TT ST TT (Naoki Sakai) A MODEL OF TRANSLATION

© Intercultural Studies Group How is the translation done? Why is the translation done? (Skopos) Why did the text move to be translated? POSSIBLE FOCUS QUESTIONS

© Intercultural Studies Group Who translates? Where are the translators? POSSIBLE FOCUS QUESTIONS

© Intercultural Studies Group BORDER:

© Intercultural Studies Group Task: What is translation? (Your definition) What is translated? OLDER QUESTIONS

© Intercultural Studies Group Quine: “radical translation, i.e. translation of the language of a hitherto untouched people” What is the relation between the jungle linguist and the native? WHERE IS RADICAL TRANSLATION?

© Intercultural Studies Group Quine: “a chain of interpreters of a sort can be recruited of marginal persons across the darkest achipelago”. There is always a degree of secondary encoding, giving relative certitude (Chesterman v. Arrojo) George William Grace: “Today, this ‘Western’ culture has expanded to embrace almost the entire world” THE RADICAL IS NO MORE

© Intercultural Studies Group hasta ponerlos en necesidad de burlar con los niños, y hacerse niños con ellos [...] se hagan indios con los indios’ We needed to laugh with the children, and be children with them, becoming Indians with the Indians. … so children were the masters of the evangelists, and children were also the preachers, and ministers of the destruction of idolatry porque niños fueron los maestros de los evangelizadores. Los niños fueron también predicadores, y los niños ministros de la destrucción de la idolatría. (Mendieta 1973:1.135) INCULTURATION

© Intercultural Studies Group INCULTURATION

© Intercultural Studies Group INCULTURATION

© Intercultural Studies Group [The mother blackens her breast. Fear and Trembling] [KIERKEGARD]

© Intercultural Studies Group “the incarnation of the Gospel in autonomous cultures and at the same time the introduction of these cultures into the life of the Church” (John Paul II, Slavorum Apostoli 1985) “Through inculturation the Church makes the Gospel incarnate in different cultures and at the same time introduces peoples, together with their cultures, into her own community.” (John Paul II, Redemptoris Missio 1990) INCULTURATION

© Intercultural Studies Group The people of Israel throughout its history preserved the certain knowledge that it was the chosen people of God, the witness of his action and love in the midst of the nations. It took from neighboring peoples certain forms of worship, but its faith in the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob subjected these borrowings to profound modifications [...].The encounter between the Jewish world and Greek wisdom gave rise to a new form of inculturation: the translation of the Bible into Greek introduced the word of God into a world that had been closed to it and caused, under divine inspiration, an enrichment of the Scriptures. (Varietates Legitimae 1994) INCULTURATION 1994

© Intercultural Studies Group “The work of inculturation, of which the translation into vernacular languages is a part, is not therefore to be considered an avenue for the creation of new varieties or families of rites; on the contrary, it should be recognized that any adaptations introduced out of cultural or pastoral necessity thereby become part of the Roman Rite, and are to be inserted into it in a harmonious way.” (Liturgiam authenticam 2001: 5) INCULTURATION 2001

© Intercultural Studies Group - Literature as institution? -Capitalist economies? -IT? (Microsoft?) -Political modernity? -Universities? -Liberal humanism? MORE INCULTURATION?

© Intercultural Studies Group - Multiple communication spaces - Personal contact CONDITIONS FOR ASPIRATION?

© Intercultural Studies Group Mexican culture Science fiction (Gouanvic) The gay novel (Harvey) Translation Studies? OUT-CULTURATION?

© Intercultural Studies Group MTV culture You Tube culture Translation Studies (Leipzig, from Prague and Bratislava, from Petersburg and Moscow, from Paris and Berlin… these are not wholly foreign languages) SUB-CULTURATION?

© Intercultural Studies Group The European Court European bureaucratic prose (Agent-principle reversal) Translation Studies? META-CULTURATION?

© Intercultural Studies Group “Inspiration by the Holy Spirit [...] is the great ideal of all mainstream (ideosomatically controlled) Western translation theory” (Robinson 1991: 55) “Western” traditions as having “limited acceptance” of foreignizing (107), as setting up the idea of “Eastern irrationality” (Venuti 1995: 107, 159), Western translation theory is based on no more than transfer (Tymoczko 2007) [THE BLACKENED BREAST]

© Intercultural Studies Group Does your model of translation assume symmetry or asymmetry? In your project, can you see the cultures moving? If so, what kind of general model best describes the relations between the cultures? ACTIVITY ON THEORETICAL MODELING

© Intercultural Studies Group You think the future is in the past? EXPANSIVE TRANSLATION STUDIES