11 February 2000Genova (I)1 ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section Space Radiation Environment P. Nieminen, ESA/ESTEC, The Netherlands  Overview  Solar cosmic rays  Trapped particles in the Earth’s magnetosphere  Cosmic Rays  Other sources  SREM on ESA missions  Conclusions

11 February 2000Genova (I)2 Solar flare electrons, protons, and heavy ions Jovian electrons Solar flare neutrons and  -rays Solar X-rays Galactic and extra-galactic cosmic rays Induced emission Neutrinos Trapped particles Anomalous cosmic rays

11 February 2000Genova (I)3 Solar cycles Sunspot number from 1750 Yohkoh SXT 1991 and 1995 ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section

11 February 2000Genova (I)4 Solar proton/ion events Proton event on April -98 & ISO Star Tracker fake counts SOHO EIT New Mexico H   image ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section

11 February 2000Genova (I)5 SOHO LASCO instrument before the event... … and after. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section

11 February 2000Genova (I)6 Trapped particles The SAA ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section

11 February 2000Genova (I)7 Trapped particles Electron spectra Proton spectra REM data ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section

11 February 2000Genova (I)8 Cosmic rays In space, long-term data from various missions On ground, terrestrial source (cosmic ray showers): Neutron monitor network High-energy tail up to ~10 22 eV Peak at ~500 MeV Anomalous CR ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section

11 February 2000Genova (I)9 “Exotic” sources Jovian electrons from Mercury to outer Solar System Solar neutrons (at 1 AU ~10 MeV and above) “Knee” at ~20 MeV ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section

11 February 2000Genova (I)10 Standard Radiation Environment Monitor (SREM) ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section Optimised Al-Ta “Sandwich structure”. Aluminum Tantalum Silicon (detectors) D1 D2 Trade-off: - Performance - Cost - Mass - Volume e- (p+) e- Simulation outcome: modularity (D3) - Electrons > 0.5 MeV - Protons > 10 MeV - Heavy ions qualitatively

11 February 2000Genova (I)11 ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section FIRST INTEGRAL PROBA International Space Station Mars Express Missions with SREM... Rosetta

11 February 2000Genova (I)12 ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section Conclusions  Space radiation environment highly complex and dynamic  From DNA damage point of view, heavy ions have priority; however other sources & secondary emissions also need to be considered  ESA-sponsored work on several space-specific modules completed or underway; the toolkit has the required basic capabilities