1. and 9 February 2000 CHEP2000 ESA Space Environment &
Effects Analysis Section
and
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

2. Petteri Nieminen ESA/ESTEC
ESA Space Environment &
Effects Analysis Section
and
Petteri Nieminen ESA/ESTEC
XMM analysis: E. Daly1, H. Evans1, S. Giani2, F. Lei3, R. Nartallo1, J. Sørensen1, P.R. Truscott3 Space-specific C. Ferguson4, R. Gurriaran4, F. Lei3, modules: P.R. Truscott3 Low-E extensions: J. Apostolakis2, S. Chauvie5, S. Giani2, V. Ivantchenko6, V. Lefébure1,2, M. Maire7, M.G. Pia2,8, L. Urban2,9
1) ESA/ESTEC (NL) 4) Univ. Southampton (UK) 7) LAPP (F) 2) CERN (CH) 5) Univ. Torino (I) 8) INFN Genova (I) 3) DERA (UK) 6) Budker Inst. For Nuclear Physics (RUS) 9) KFKI (HUN)
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

3. Galactic and extra-galactic
Anomalous
cosmic rays
Galactic and extra-galactic
cosmic rays
Jovian
electrons
(Neutrinos)
Solar
X-rays
Induced
emission
Trapped
particles
Solar flare neutrons
and g-rays
Solar flare electrons,
protons, and heavy ions

4. Simulation “agenda”: Spacecraft and instrument shielding properties
ESA Space Environment &
Effects Analysis Section
Simulation “agenda”:
Spacecraft and instrument shielding properties
Detector background effects in astrophysical observatories (including from radioactive decay)
Single Event Effects and total dose in sensitive components
3-D spacecraft design and radiation response verification
Mineralogical surveys of asteroids and moons by induced X-ray line emission
Astronaut hazards: radiation effects at cellular and DNA level
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

5. Delayed radioactivity
ESA Space Environment &
Effects Analysis Section
Delayed radioactivity
General purpose source particle module
INTEGRAL and other science missions
Low-energy e-m extensions
Particle source and spectrum
Geological surveys of asteroids
Sector Shielding Analysis Tool
CAD tool front-end
Instrument design purposes
Dose calculations
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

6. X-Ray Surveys of Asteroids and Moons
ESA Space Environment &
Effects Analysis Section
X-Ray Surveys of Asteroids and Moons
Cosmic rays,
jovian electrons
Solar X-rays, e, p
Geant3.21
ITS3.0, EGS4
Courtesy SOHO EIT
Geant4
Induced X-ray line emission:
indicator of target composition
(~100 mm surface layer)
C, N, O line emissions included
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

7. Low-E e-m models (electrons and photons)
ESA Space Environment &
Effects Analysis Section
Low-E e-m models (electrons and photons)
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

8. Low-E e-m models (protons and ions)
ESA Space Environment &
Effects Analysis Section
Low-E e-m models (protons and ions)
Applications in the medical field, astrophysics, fundamental physics,...
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

9. X-ray Multi-Mirror mission (XMM)
X-ray detectors (CCDs)
Telescope tube
Launch December 1999
Perigee 7000 km, apogee km
 Flight through the radiation belts
Chandra X-ray observatory, with similar orbit, experienced unexpected degradation of CCDs
Possible effects on XMM?
Mirrors
Baffles
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

10. CCD displacement damage: front vs. back-illuminated.
ESA Space Environment &
Effects Analysis Section
CCD displacement damage: front vs. back-illuminated.
30 mm Si  ~1.5 MeV p+
2 mm
30 mm
30 mm
2 mm
Active layer Passive layer
“Electron deflector”
Low-E (~100 keV to few MeV), low-angle (~0°-5°) proton scattering: Obscure problem; not much analysed
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

11. RGS EPIC Q2 Q1 Q1 9 February 2000 CHEP2000 ESA Space Environment &
Effects Analysis Section
RGS
EPIC Q2 Q1 Q1
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

12. 1-D simulations vs. experimental data
ESA Space Environment &
Effects Analysis Section
1-D simulations vs. experimental data
Experimental data courtesy of Columbia University1
Grating “saw-tooth” surface not modelled  correction of ~0.7°
Beam width ~5 mm, simulated beam 1-D
1 Rasmussen, A. et al., Proton Scattering off of XMM optics: XMM Mirror and RGS grating samples, XMM project document RGS-COL-CAL-99009, Nov
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

13. Source (restricted isotropic)
full-scale simulations W
Source (restricted isotropic)
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

14. SSAT analysis of the XMM baffle
ESA Space Environment &
Effects Analysis Section
SSAT analysis of the XMM baffle  q
 Direct line of sight from the baffle to the focal plane; increases the overall proton transmission efficiency
 
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

15. full-scale simulations
ESA Space Environment &
Effects Analysis Section
full-scale simulations
Mirror efficiency
Scattered
Direct transmission
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

16. full-scale simulations
ESA Space Environment &
Effects Analysis Section
full-scale simulations
EPIC and RGS efficiencies
EPIC
RGS
EPIC
RGS
RGS
EPIC
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

17. Standard Radiation Environment Monitor (SREM)
ESA Space Environment &
Effects Analysis Section
Standard Radiation Environment Monitor (SREM)
Aluminum
Tantalum
Silicon (detectors) e-
- Mass (2.5 kg) - Volume (2 l) - Power 2.6 W e- p+ D1 D2
Optimised Al-Ta “Sandwich structure”. Original design by Geant3.21 simulations
- Electrons > 0.5 MeV - Protons > 10 MeV - Heavy ions qualitatively
Further miniaturisation underway 
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

18. Missions with SREM... International Space Station INTEGRAL FIRST PROBA
ESA Space Environment &
Effects Analysis Section
INTEGRAL
International Space Station
FIRST
Missions with SREM...
PROBA
Rosetta
Mars Express
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

19. ESA Space Environment &
Effects Analysis Section
Interactions of radiation with biological systems at cellular and DNA level
a, C, Fe, ...
New Geant4 -based activity in the ESA General Studies Programme
Biological and chemical factors...
Contractor INFN Genova; network of 20 scientists at INFN, CERN, ESA, and the Italian National Institute for Cancer Research
Heavy ions particularly harmful
Astronaut safety,
exobiology
9 February 2000
CHEP2000

20. ESA Space Environment &
Effects Analysis Section
and
Conclusions
ESA has sponsored the development of a set of space-specific modules Geant4; these will be out by March 2000
Geant4 low-energy electromagnetic models for photons and electrons down to 250 eV; for protons and ions to ~1 keV; ongoing work also on antiprotons
Complex test case XMM has shown the versatility of the toolkit
Being a member in the Geant4 Collaboration offers significant benefits for ESA
Wide user community in space applications foreseen
9 February 2000
CHEP2000