3.3 The Commercial North OBJECTIVE: Understand the economic changes in the northern colonies. Understand the intellectual and religious changes in the colonies.

1. The ______ Rebellion in 1739, though unsuccessful, terrified many Southerners. 2. The _____ _______ was a a religious revival that lasted throughout the 1730’s and 1740’s. 3 and 4. B_____ ________ was famous for his participation in the scientific spirit of the _____________. 5. J_______ _______ was a minister who sought to revive the intensity of the original Puritan vision in the early 1700’s.

COMPARE/CONTRAST NORTHERNMIDDLESOUTHERN Puritan Religious Freedom Farm & Industry Small Farms Slow, but Growing Conflict w/Indians Good Climate Quaker Rel. Toleration Farm & Industry Farms Democratic Tolerant Good Rel.w/Indian Malaria in Chesap. Catholic/Misc. Economic Cash Crops Plantations Slavery Buffer State Punitive Wars Malarial

Northern Colonies In northern colonies, religion, not profit, drives colonization Northern colonies’ economy grows more than England’s VERY diverse economy Growing merchant class More urbanized than other colonies Increasing number if immigrants coming More and more diverse, less “Puritan” WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF HAVING A DIVERSIFIED ECONOMY?

Diverse North More Urbanized Early immigration –Mainly Indentured servants –Most came from England (until Great Fire of London. Why?) German and Scot-Irish are next wave of immigrants Diversity leads to clashes b/w ethnic groups Diversity changes original “Puritan” character of NE Slavery –Existed, but not on the same level Farming in the north is less labor intensive –NE colonists tend to be healthy, but not as wealthy as Southern, slave owning planters Women –Have clear roles and responsibilities, but few legal rights

How did the role of women differ in the north and south during the early 1700’s?

Role of Women Women have most religious freedom in Middle Colonies with Quakers, also in RI In South, women have more financial and legal independence due to higher mortality In North, more extended family unit, creates more “traditional” roles, Grandparents, etc., less social freedom and independence

Interior of the Old Ship Meeting House in Hingham, Massachusetts Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Interior of the Old Ship Meeting House in Hingham, Massachusetts The Quaker Meeting by Egbert Van Heemskerk

New England Culture Harsh climate 1636 Harvard founded –first university in colonies Town Meetings in New England – early democracy Biblically based religion, “people of the book” Puritans “city” in decline  “jeremiad” preaching “Great Awakening” “Half-way Covenant” erodes the “elect” membership Family run/based businesses and farms Idealism, Industry & Self-Sufficiency

Salem Witchcraft Trials New England Town –P–Puritan Tituba –A–African slave –A–Accused of witchcraft WHY WAS SHE THE FIRST? Caused a hysteria –T–The accused would accuse others Driven by economics? 19 people were hung –5–5 others were killed –2–2 dogs executed –1–150 “witches” spent time in jail

Petition for bail from accused witches, 1692 This is a copy of the actual petition signed by the accused witches of the Salem witchcraft trials. (Library of Congress) Petition for bail from accused witches, 1692 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

HOW does this map show that the Salem Witchcraft trials were a symptom of social stratification and division?

The Enlightenment Use of Science and Reason –S–Scientific method –L–Looking beyond religion –M–Mathematical laws Developed in Europe –A–An effect of the Renaissance Typified by Benjamin Franklin (at left) –F–Famous in America and Europe for his Experiments with Electricity –H–Had many practical inventions Glasses (bifocal) Franklin Stove Lightning Rods Spreading of ideas –B–Books and pamphlets –F–Franklin’s Poor Richards Almanac Effect on Politics –T–Thomas Jefferson –I–Idea of Natural rights

The Great Awakening A call for Puritans to return back to religious roots Led by Jonathan Edwards (at right) –Intense preacher –Brilliant thinker –Famous for his Sermons, known as “jeremiads” Effects: Brought many people into church for 1 st time, incl. N. Americans Challenged authority of state-run churches. WHY?

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Jonathan Edwards ( ) Enfield, Connecticut - July 8, 1741 Their foot shall slide in due time.-- Deuteronomy 32:35 (EXCERPT) The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked: his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his sight; you are ten thousand times more abominable in his eyes, than the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours. You have offended him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince; and yet it is nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment. It is to be ascribed to nothing else, that you did not go to hell the last night; that you was suffered to awake again in this world, after you closed your eyes to sleep. And there is no other reason to be given, why you have not dropped into hell since you arose in the morning, but that God's hand has held you up. There is no other reason to be given why you have not gone to hell, since you have sat here in the house of God, provoking his pure eyes by your sinful wicked manner of attending his solemn worship. Yea, there is nothing else that is to be given as a reason why you do not this very moment drop down into hell. O sinner! Consider the fearful danger you are in: it is a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of the fire of wrath, that you are held over in the hand of that God, whose wrath is provoked and incensed as much against you, as against many of the damned in hell. You hang by a slender thread, with the flames of divine wrath flashing about it, and ready every moment to singe it, and burn it asunder; and you have no interest in any Mediator, and nothing to lay hold of to save yourself, nothing to keep off the flames of wrath, nothing of your own, nothing that you ever have done, nothing that you can do, to induce God to spare you one moment.

Why did the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment lead people to question British authority?