Climate--The average weather over years and longer… Chapter 1 frontispiece. Satellite view looking east from Patagonia over southern Argentina and the South Atlantic Ocean E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: NASA 001

Chapter 1 frontispiece. Satellite view looking east from Patagonia over southern Argentina and the South Atlantic Ocean E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: NASA ocean: 1000x heat, 50x carbon 002

Figure 1.1. The dynamic climate system E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. 003

Table 1.1. Different timescales of weather and climate E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Christy et al., 2006 dailywarm days, cool nights 3-7 daysweather events, e.g., passages of fronts yearlyseasons 2-7 yearsEl Niño events (ENSO) 1-3 decadesoscillations in atmospheric circulation patterns, e.g., North Atlantic centuriesmulti-century cold and warm periods yearsMilankovitch cycles > 10 6 yearspositions of continents, changes in atmospheric composition, changes in solar luminosity 004

Figure 1.2. The Keeling curve E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Scripps Institution of Oceanography CO 2 Program 005

Figure 1.3. The change in the average global land-surface air temperature relative to the 1961–1990 mean temperature E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Trenbreth et al.,