1 Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Constituents by OMI on EOS Aura Satellite Pawan K Bhartia NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Split Antarctic O 3 Hole Mapped by EP/TOMS Presented at Met Svc of Canada/EC, Downsview, ON on Jan 10, ‘06

2 1st Map of Antarctic O 3 Hole Made in late 1984 Presented 3 months after Farman et al. Nature paper in Czechoslovakia First published in NY Times

3 SH O 3 field 1982 vs. 1970

4 Seasonal O 3 Change

5 Greatly raised awareness of the O 3 depletion problem among public, policymakers, and scientists* *Perhaps disproportionately to other environmental issues Impact #1

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8 Greatly spurred research* in Atmospheric Chemistry ( ) *Lab kinetics, modeling, ground-based, aircraft and satellite instruments Impact #2

9 Total O 3 maps provide bottom-line numbers for models to explain* *but do not make direct contribution in improving models Impact #3

10 Comparison with Goddard Coupled Chemistry GCM model measurement

11 Impact of satellite O 3 maps Visually Compelling Visually Compelling Raised worldwide awareness of the O 3 depletion problemRaised worldwide awareness of the O 3 depletion problem Motivating Motivating Spurred research in atm chemistrySpurred research in atm chemistry Model Selection/Validation Model Selection/Validation Provides confidence in model predictionsProvides confidence in model predictions

12 EOS AURA Orbit: Polar: 705 km, sun-synchronous, 98 o inclination, ascending 1:45 PM +/- 15 min. equator crossing time. Orbit: Polar: 705 km, sun-synchronous, 98 o inclination, ascending 1:45 PM +/- 15 min. equator crossing time. Launch Vehicle: Delta 7920 from VAFB, July 15, 2004 Launch Vehicle: Delta 7920 from VAFB, July 15, 2004 AURA follows AQUA in the same orbit by 15 minutes. AURA follows AQUA in the same orbit by 15 minutes. Six Year Spacecraft Life Six Year Spacecraft Life Orbit: Polar: 705 km, sun-synchronous, 98 o inclination, ascending 1:45 PM +/- 15 min. equator crossing time. Orbit: Polar: 705 km, sun-synchronous, 98 o inclination, ascending 1:45 PM +/- 15 min. equator crossing time. Launch Vehicle: Delta 7920 from VAFB, July 15, 2004 Launch Vehicle: Delta 7920 from VAFB, July 15, 2004 AURA follows AQUA in the same orbit by 15 minutes. AURA follows AQUA in the same orbit by 15 minutes. Six Year Spacecraft Life Six Year Spacecraft Life MLS OMI TES HIRDLS

13 OMI Measurement Geometry Horizontal resolution better than TOMS, spectral information better than GOME

14 Extend and Enhance TOMS Record* *Total Column O 3 Volcanic SO 2 Dust and Smoke Surface UV Tropospheric O 3 column OMI: Objective #1

15 Evolution of Polar Ozone OMI data points

16 Volcanic Sulfur Dioxide

17 SO 2 from explosive eruptions

18 SO 2 from Manam (Papua New Guinea) volcano eruption: January OMI is >10 times more sensitive to SO 2 than TOMS, and unlike AIRS, can see SO 2 over clouds TOMS OMI AIRS

19 Note the the passage of a typhoon Anatahan (N. Mariana Is.) volcano eruption: July 2005

20 Passive degassing of volcanic SO 2 observed by OMI Ambrym volcano, Vanuatu (16.25ºS, ºE) on February 20, 2005.

21 Dust and Smoke

22 Western Fires June 25, 2002 Earth-Probe/TOMS: Aerosol Index

23 No other satellite technique measures aerosol absorption with comparable accuracy Quality of data comparable to best ground-based instruments Aerosol abs. opt. thickness time Series

24 OMI Aerosol Index July 2005 Saharan Dust Storm as seen by OMI

25 Aerosol Detection in presence of clouds OMI Aerosol Index (color) OMI reflectivity (B/W)

26 Aqua-MODIS OMI Estimation of Aerosol Abs. Opt. thickness

27 Aerosol Index Absorption OT Extinction OT Single Scattering Albedo Estimation of Aerosol Properties

28 Extinction Optical Depth Aqua-MODIS RGB Absorption Optical Depth Single Scattering Albedo no abs ext Smoke over Alaska (Aug 21, 2004)

29 Biomass Burning Aerosols over Australia (Nov 10, 2004) OMI Extinction Optical Depth OMI Absorption Optical Depth

30 Surface UV

31 Comparison with Toronto Brewer (Eck et al.) Global UVB Map (Herman et al.) Estimation of Surface UV Given satellite total O 3 UV can be calculated to ~1% in clear-sky, unpolluted conditions Given satellite reflectivity mean monthly UV can be calculated to ~5% in cloudy, unpolluted conditions

32 Effect of pollution, smoke & dust on UVB can be large and difficult to estimate During the afternoon of July 6, 2002 smoke absorbed up to 95% of UV at Toronto. TOMS/OMI can estimate absorption due to elevated aerosols to ~5% (~10% for BL aerosols).

33 Tropospheric Column Ozone

34 O 3 Above Deep Convective Clouds in Pacific From: Observation of near-zero O 3 concentrations over the convective Pacific: Effects on air chemistry, Kley et al., Science, Oct 1996.

35 Strat Column O 3 from TOMS and SAGE

36 Trop O 3 Column from Cloud Slicing

37 Tropospheric Column O 3 from OMI/MLS Total O 3 - Strat Column O 3 October 2004 July 2005

38 OMI/MLS and GMI model comparisons OMI/MLS Sept ‘04-Aug ‘05GMI 5-year average

39 Provide daily global coverage at urban scale resolution for trace gases related to AQ* measured by GOME/SCIAMACHY * Trop NO 2 Anthropogenic SO 2 HCHO OMI: Objective #2

Mean trop NO 2 from SCIAMACHY

41 Daily global NO 2 pollution seen by OMI November 12, 2004 J. Gleason/GSFC

42 OMI Tropospheric NO 2 Aug 22, 2005 assuming 1.5 km BL Gleason/GSFC ppbv

43 SO 2 from lignite-burning power plants in the Balkan region [Eisinger and Burrows, GRL 1998] GOME Feb ‘98 OMI Feb ‘05

44 SO 2 concentrations in China 70% of China’s energy is derived from coal burning SO2 emissions increased at a rate 35%/decade in China’s sulfate aerosol loading has increased by 17%/decade in [Massie, Torres and Smith 2004] 65,000 SO 2 tons/day emitted in 1995 [Streets & Waldhof, 2000] OMI 12/24/04

45 OMI HCHO Chance & Kuruso MODIS Fire Counts

46 OMI Performance Summary Continues the TOMS record of total O 3, UVB, Volcanic SO 2, UV-absorbing aerosols and trop O 3 with higher accuracy and precision. Continues the TOMS record of total O 3, UVB, Volcanic SO 2, UV-absorbing aerosols and trop O 3 with higher accuracy and precision. Provides daily global maps of several trace gases related to AQ (NO 2, SO 2, HCHO) with higher spatial/temporal resolution than GOME & SCIAMACHY. Provides daily global maps of several trace gases related to AQ (NO 2, SO 2, HCHO) with higher spatial/temporal resolution than GOME & SCIAMACHY. Provides useful information about BrO, OCLO, and perhaps CHOCHO. Provides useful information about BrO, OCLO, and perhaps CHOCHO.