Gitlow v. New York – incorporated the first amendment to the states Tinker v. Des Moines – students do have symbolic speech rights in school unless speech cause a substantial learning disruption Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeir – student newspapers are subject to being edited by school administrators, students do not have total freedom of press Texas v. Johnson – flag burning is protected speech Morse v. Frederick - non-political disruptive student speech (drug use) and goes again school mission can be regulated. Phelps v. Frederick – protesting at military funerals is protected speech even if it potentially causes emotional harm

Everson v. Board of Education – repayment of transportation fees to private school students does not violate the establishment clause of first amendment. Engle v. Vitale – no mandatory school prayer led by school official Lemon v. Kurtzman – established Lemon test (aid must have secular purpose, not advance or inhibit religion, and not cause “excessive entanglement with religious organization” Wallace v. Jaffre – no moment of silent prayer in school Employment division – drug use is not included in free exercise of religion Santa Fe v. Doe – no student led prayer over intercom

DC v. Heller - ownership of handgun for those not in military is okay McDonald v. Chicago – 2 nd amendment applies to states Mapp v. Ohio – established the exclusionary rule Terry v. Ohio – no warrant or probable cause need for stop and frisk New Jersey v. TLO – reasonable suspicion needed to search students in school, not a warrant

Verona v. Acton – random drug testing of student athletes does not violate 4 th amendment – athletes have less privacy U.S. v. Jones – warrant needed to place tracking device on automobile Betts v. Brady – lawyer not required at the state level for non-capital offenses Gideon v. Wainwright – overturned Betts – lawyer fundamental right states can not deny

Miranda v. Arizona – must be made aware of rights as part of due process rights Furman v. Georgia – outlaws the death penalty for a period of time in the U.S. Gregg v. Georgia – overturns Furman and reinstates death penalty Ford v. Wainwright – executing people with mental disabilities violates the 8 th amendment Roper v. Simmons – executing minors is cruel and unusual punishment Graham v. Florida- life in prison with no parole for non capital offense committed by minor violates 8 th amendment.

Roe. Wade – allows for right of women to have abortion (no limits 1 st trimester, health of mother 2 nd, (4 th and 9 th amendments) New York Times v. Sullivan – sets standard for libel, must have knowingly published false statements with malicious intent