Baltimore Polytechnic Institute February 14, 2011 A.P. U.S. History Mr. Green

Objectives: Students will: Explain why the United States suddenly abandoned its isolationism and turned outward at the end of the nineteenth century. Describe the forces pushing for American overseas expansion and the causes of the Spanish-American War. Describe and explain the unintended results of the Spanish-American War, especially the conquest of Puerto Rico and the Philippines. Explain McKinley’s decision to keep the Philippines, and list the opposing arguments in the debate about imperialism. AP Focus Thinking Globally (The American Pageant, 14 th ed., pp. 694–695) looks at how the United States came late to empire-building, which European powers had used to colonize large parts of the world in the nineteenth century. Social Darwinism is one key justification for U.S. territorial expansion. Having expanded to the Pacific Ocean by the late nineteenth century, the United States will go on to establish a global empire. The first step is to defeat Spain and take over its crumbling empire. This is accomplished in the Spanish- American War, when the United States ostensibly comes to the aid of Cubans who are seeking to break the chains of Spanish imperialism. Having defeated the Spaniards and wrested from them their empire in the Caribbean and the Pacific, the United States faces an insurgency by people who earlier were its allies, notably the Cubans and Filipinos, who bridle at what they see as a new hegemonic power.

CHAPTER THEMES In the 1890s, a number of economic and political forces sparked a spectacular burst of imperialistic expansionism for the United States that culminated in the Spanish-American War—a war that began over freeing Cuba and ended with the highly controversial acquisition of the Philippines and other territories. In the wake of the Spanish-American War, President Theodore Roosevelt pursued a bold and sometimes controversial new policy of asserting America’s influence abroad, particularly in East Asia and Latin America.

Focus Questions Chapter 27 Due Wednesday Decades Chart 1890’s Dues Today.

Reasons for overseas expansion 1. Foreign markets 2. Expand or explode 3. Yellow journalism 4. Pious missionaries 5. Social Darwinism 6. Captian Alfred Thayer Mahan’s-new steel navy 7. Big Sister policy-rallying Latin American countries behind U.S. leadership and opening markets to U.S. traders 8. Diplomatic crises 9. Great Rapprochement

Hawaii served as a way station/provisioning point for U.S. shippers/sailors/whalers 1840’s-State department warns others 1887-Pearl Harbor Disease killed many Hawaiians Sugar lords imported Asians to work the land Worries that Japan might intervene 1890 McKinley tariff killed sugar U.S. planters wanted annexation 1893-planters led revolt with unauthorized use of U.S. military by the minister in Honolulu Cleveland did not push annexation

Revolted against Spain in 1895 Sugar was hurt by the American tariff of 1894 Insurrectos torched sugar mills/canefields and some American interests Lodge identified the importance of Cuba/Panama canal Butcher Weyler Yellow journalism De Lome letter Battleship Maine to Cuba April 11, 1898-McKinley sends war message to Congress Teller Amendment-Cuban self-rule

Roosevelt sent, without Navy Secretary Long’s permission, George Dewey to the Philippines in the event of war Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet but could not storm the forts of Manila American forces captured Manila on August 13 with help from Emilio Aguinaldo Hawaii’s importance seen and annexed on July 7, 1898

American army sent in from the rear Led by General William R. Shafter unequipped for war in the tropics Rough Riders Colonel Leonard Wood Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt Fighting El Caney Kettle Hill August 12, 1898 armistice Americans hurt by disease 400 died from battle 5,000 died from disease

Treaty of Paris U.S. received: Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines ($20 million, captured after the armistice) McKinley confronted with dilemma over Philippines Philippine acquisition caused much debate Anti-Imperialist League White-man’s burden

Foraker Act-limited degree of popular government for Puerto Rico Citizenship in 1917 Question: Are we citizens or are we subjects? Insular cases subject to American rule but not all American rights Cuba ended yellow fever in Havana U.S. withdrew in 1902 after supporting Cuba Platt Amendment not to sign treaties that would compromise their independence not to take on debt U.S. intervene with troops sell/lease land to U.S. for naval stations

War on days “a spendid little war” new respect in the world closed the divide between the North and South more resources to pay for its new status

Begin Reading second ½ of Chapter 27 page Prepare for 5 question quiz on Tuesday Focus questions for chapter 27 due Wednesday