The Scientific Revolution

Before 1500, few questioned the Bible and Greek philosophers Aristotle & Ptolemy… What was true and false about the universe came from these sources (write this next to box labeled geocentric theory)

The Philosophical Medieval View Aristotle & Ptolemy from Greece supported the Aristotle & Ptolemy from Greece supported the Geocentric theory: Earth was an unmoving object located at the center of the universe- the sun and planets moved around the Earth (sun rising and setting seemed to support this view) Religion guided views too: Christianity taught that God had placed Earth at the center of the universe. Religion guided views too: Christianity taught that God had placed Earth at the center of the universe.

Geocentric Theory Geocentric Theory

Aristotle (384BC – 322BC) An influential Greek philosopher who made important contributions on physical subjects. An influential Greek philosopher who made important contributions on physical subjects. Developed the geocentric model. Developed the geocentric model. His philosophies have long-lasting effects on philosophical theories. His philosophies have long-lasting effects on philosophical theories.

Claudius Ptolemy ( ) One of the most influential Greek astronomers, mathematician & geographers of his time. One of the most influential Greek astronomers, mathematician & geographers of his time. He expanded Aristotle’s geocentric theory. He expanded Aristotle’s geocentric theory. He introduced trigonometrical (trigonometry) methods. He introduced trigonometrical (trigonometry) methods.

Heliocentric Theory Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Models

Nicolaus Copernicus ( ) Sun-centered universe – heliocentric theory Sun-centered universe – heliocentric theory Earth is no different than any other planet Earth is no different than any other planet On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)

Johannes Kepler ( ) Pushes use of experiments and observations Pushes use of experiments and observations Planetary movement is a mathematical formula Planetary movement is a mathematical formula Planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits NOT circles Planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits NOT circles Confirms Copernicus ideas Confirms Copernicus ideas

Galileo Galilei ( ) GALILEO – designs 1 st telescope w/lens & sees movement of the stars & moons (similar to the movement of the planets) GALILEO – designs 1 st telescope w/lens & sees movement of the stars & moons (similar to the movement of the planets) Church believes heavens are fixed, unmoving and the earth of central  they are furious w/Galileo! Church believes heavens are fixed, unmoving and the earth of central  they are furious w/Galileo! Galileo is accused of heresy (crimes against Church)  1633 brought to trial before Catholic Inquisition & he recants his statements Galileo is accused of heresy (crimes against Church)  1633 brought to trial before Catholic Inquisition & he recants his statements Brainpop

Isaac Newton ( ) Brainpop Brainpop Universal law of motion- every object in the universe attracts every other object Universal law of motion- every object in the universe attracts every other object Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) - Explained gravity (what goes up must come down) Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) - Explained gravity (what goes up must come down) Universe is a giant clock- all parts work together but God set clock in motion. Universe is a giant clock- all parts work together but God set clock in motion.

Andreas Vesalius ( ) First to dissect human bodies (even though this was a disapproved practice). First to dissect human bodies (even though this was a disapproved practice). Wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543) Wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543) His published observations included detailed drawings of human organs, bones and muscle. His published observations included detailed drawings of human organs, bones and muscle.

William Harvey ( ) Harvey Published On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals (1628) Published On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals (1628) Showed that heart acted as a pump to circulate blood throughout body Showed that heart acted as a pump to circulate blood throughout body

Francis Bacon ( ) An English politician & writer with an interest in science. An English politician & writer with an interest in science. Criticized ancient philosophers on how they arrived at their conclusions. Criticized ancient philosophers on how they arrived at their conclusions. Urged scientists to experiment in order to arrive at conclusions Urged scientists to experiment in order to arrive at conclusions Developed the Scientific Method Developed the Scientific Method

Francis Bacon ( ) Take out your Brainiac: Science Abuse Worksheet Take out your Brainiac: Science Abuse Worksheet Brainiac Brainiac Brainiac

Rene Descartes ( ) French scientist & mathematician. French scientist & mathematician. Developed analytical geometry (links both algebra & geometry). Developed analytical geometry (links both algebra & geometry). His developments provided new tools for scientific research. His developments provided new tools for scientific research.

The Enlightenment --- Age of Reason

What was it? Emerged out of the Scientific Revolution and ended in the French Revolution Emerged out of the Scientific Revolution and ended in the French Revolution Spokesmen = Rising Middle Class Spokesmen = Rising Middle Class Paris = Center of Enlightenment Paris = Center of Enlightenment Search for new laws/ways to govern humans Search for new laws/ways to govern humans

Key Ideas Distrust of Tradition and Religion Distrust of Tradition and Religion Scientific method could be applied to society as well Scientific method could be applied to society as well Man is naturally good Man is naturally good

The World of the Old Regime Built on tradition Built on tradition World of hierarchy, privilege and inequality World of hierarchy, privilege and inequality Allied with the Church Allied with the Church Challenged by supporters of the Enlightenment Challenged by supporters of the Enlightenment

Conflict with the Capitalistic Middle Class Size and increasing power of the Middle Class Size and increasing power of the Middle Class New notion of wealth w/mercantilism New notion of wealth w/mercantilism Tension and discord created by the Middle Class Tension and discord created by the Middle Class

The Philosophes (Philosophers) 18 th century French intellectuals 18 th century French intellectuals Truth through reason Truth through reason Natural laws – natural is good and reasonable Natural laws – natural is good and reasonable Happiness – belief in natural laws leads to happiness Happiness – belief in natural laws leads to happiness Progress – for society (can be perfected) Progress – for society (can be perfected) Liberties – people should be free Liberties – people should be free

The Problem of Censorship The attempt of the Old Regime to control new thinking The attempt of the Old Regime to control new thinking Publishers and writers hounded by censors Publishers and writers hounded by censors Over 1000 booksellers and authors imprisoned in the Bastille in the early 1700’s Over 1000 booksellers and authors imprisoned in the Bastille in the early 1700’s

Famous Enlightenment Thinkers

Thomas Hobbes (1588 –1679) Wrote Leviathan (1651) Wrote Leviathan (1651) Convinced that all humans are wicked and evil Convinced that all humans are wicked and evil Humans exist in a primitive state and give consent to the government for self- protection Humans exist in a primitive state and give consent to the government for self- protection Absolute monarchies Absolute monarchies

John Locke ( ) People learn from experience People learn from experience Favored self-gov’t, people rule Favored self-gov’t, people rule Natural rights: life, liberty, property Natural rights: life, liberty, property gov’t protects these rights and if not, people overthrow gov’t gov’t protects these rights and if not, people overthrow gov’t Wrote Two Treaties on Government (1690) Wrote Two Treaties on Government (1690) Inspired American Revolution Inspired American Revolution

Francois Arouet Voltaire ( ) Admired English gov’t Admired English gov’t Mocked laws of France and religion Mocked laws of France and religion There should be separation of church and state There should be separation of church and state “Ecrasez l’infame” – “Crush the evil thing” “Ecrasez l’infame” – “Crush the evil thing”

Baron de Montesquieu ( ) The Spirit of the Laws (1748) The Spirit of the Laws (1748) “Power should be a check to power” – this is beginnings of separation of powers “Power should be a check to power” – this is beginnings of separation of powers Influence in the US – legislative, executive, judicial Influence in the US – legislative, executive, judicial

Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( ) Individual freedom Individual freedom “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” Direct democracy Direct democracy Wrote “The Social Contract” in which he stated that Gov’t is a contract b/w people and rulers Wrote “The Social Contract” in which he stated that Gov’t is a contract b/w people and rulers

The Role of the Salon – Spreading Ideas Wealthy women of Paris hosted social gatherings known as salons Wealthy women of Paris hosted social gatherings known as salons Philosophers, writers, artists, scientists gathered to share ideas Philosophers, writers, artists, scientists gathered to share ideas Madame Geoffrin – most influential salon hostess Madame Geoffrin – most influential salon hostess

Diderot’s Encyclopedia Encyclopedia (28 volumes) Encyclopedia (28 volumes) Collected articles regarding all topics: science, politics, economics, slavery, human rights, religion, etc. Collected articles regarding all topics: science, politics, economics, slavery, human rights, religion, etc. Critics were outraged & Pope threatened to excommunicate Catholics who read it! Critics were outraged & Pope threatened to excommunicate Catholics who read it! Translations helped spread enlightenment ideas across Europe Translations helped spread enlightenment ideas across Europe

Art and Literature Enlightenment is reflected in the arts – music, literature, painting, and architecture Enlightenment is reflected in the arts – music, literature, painting, and architecture Baroque – grand and ornate TO Baroque – grand and ornate TO Neoclassical – simple and elegant, Classical music – Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven Neoclassical – simple and elegant, Classical music – Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven Development of novels Development of novels

Enlightened Despotism Enlightened Despotism The manner of political reform – monarchs who embraced new ideas& reforms The manner of political reform – monarchs who embraced new ideas& reforms Frederick the Great of Prussia Frederick the Great of Prussia Catherine the Great of Russia Catherine the Great of Russia Joseph II of Austria Joseph II of Austria

Impact of Enlightenment Ideas led to people challenging long held ideas about society Ideas led to people challenging long held ideas about society Political philosophies of the Enlightenment inspired American and French revolutions in the 1800s Political philosophies of the Enlightenment inspired American and French revolutions in the 1800s