The Romantic Age, ( ): The “Isms” - Europe Ideologically after the Congress of Vienna “Romanticism is the expression of man's urge to rise above reason and common sense, just as rationalism is the expression of his urge to rise above theology and emotion.” - Charles Yost
Overview Ideas will become more systematic during this period Not just philosophical musings Very organized and competing with other ideas Emergence of the social sciences Ideologies Nationalism Romanticism Classical Liberalism Radicalism, Republicanism, and Socialism Feminism Conservativism Humanitarianism
Nationalism
Nationalism Definition The “nation” is all important, not the ruler Inherently a revolutionary idea, feared by all Artists search for what their “nation” means
Nationalism in Germany Humiliation of French defeats Herder - Volkgeist Reforms in Prussia Baron Stein Hegel Illuminati German Confederation in 1820
Nationalism in Italy Giuseppe MazziniItaly in 1859
Romanticism
Romanticism Love of the unclassifiable Spiritual depth Opposed to the Enlightenment Human emotions are the most important Civilization is corrupting Nature is all powerful Science is dangerous! Industrialization is bad Rural life is good! Nationalism Romantic Novels & Poets Neo-Gothic Architecture Wander Above the Sea of Fog by Caspar David Friedrich
The Dreamer Gaspar David Friedrich, 1835
Tree of Crows Caspar David Friedrich, 1822
The Wreck of the Hope (aka The Sea of Ice) Caspar David Friedrich, 1821
Winter Landscape with Church Gaspar David Friedrich, 1811
Eldena Ruin Gaspar David Friedrich, 1825
Flatford Mill – John Constable, 1817
The Hay Wain - John Constable, 1821
Stonehenge - John Constable, 1836
Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop’s Ground John Constable, 1825
Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows John Constable, 1831
Hadleigh Castle - John Constable, 1829
The Bullfight - Francisco Goya
Rain, Steam, and Speed Joseph Mallord William Turner, 1844
Rain, Steam, & Speed (details)
The Slave Ship Joseph Mallord William Turner, 1842
The Slave Ship (details)
Liberty Leading the People Eug è ne Delacroix, 1830
Napoleon at the St. Bernard Pass David, 1803
The Shooting of May 3, 1808 Francisco Goya, 1815
The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed with the Sun William Blake,
God as the Architect - William Blake, 1794
Witches Sabbath Francisco Goya, 1798
Saturn Devours His Son Francisco Goya,
The Great Age of the Novel Gothic Novel: Jane Eyre - Charlotte Bronte (1847) Wuthering Heights - Emily Bronte (1847) Historical Novel: Ivanhoe - Sir Walter Scott (1819) Les Miserables - Victor Hugo (1862) The Three Musketeers – Alexander Dumas (1844) Science Fiction Novel: Frankenstein - Mary Shelley (1817) Dracula – Bramm Stoker (1897
George Gordon’s (Lord Byron) Poem The Prisoner of Chillon
Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
British Houses of Parliament
The Royal Pavillion at Brighton John Nash,
Classical Liberalism Ideas of the business class Beliefs Free press & assembly Tolerant of religion Constitutional monarchy Laissez-faire John Stuart Mill
English Radicalism Jeremy Bentham Return to the roots of society Totally reconstruct society and government Universal male suffrage
Republicanism English Radicalism on the Continent Anti-clerical Fans of the First French Republic – Reign of Terror folks Wanted republics, not monarchs
Socialism Robert Owen Count de Saint-Simon Louis Blanc Charles Fourier Republicanism with an economic edge Economic system too chaotic Must be regulated Anti-laissez faire State sponsored “workshops” - i.e. factories & companies
Feminism Florence Nightengale
Conservatism Edmund Burke Prince Klemens von Metternich Gradual Adaptation of society Maintain the status quo – No nationalism – No republics – monarchies – Adhered to by nobility and monarchs Fear of the French Revolution
Humanitarianism Sense of cruelty inflicted upon others Torture is gone Prisons, asylums, and government agencies improved Enlightenment ideas still strong
Summary Nationalism began to appear Romanticism Rejected Neo-Classicism and the Enlightenment Connected to Nationalism Radicals, Socialists, and Republicans mixed ideas Feminism began Conservatives rejected all of this