The Romantic Age, (1815 - 1848): The “Isms” - Europe Ideologically after the Congress of Vienna “Romanticism is the expression of man's urge to rise above.

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The Romantic Age, ( ): The “Isms” - Europe Ideologically after the Congress of Vienna “Romanticism is the expression of man's urge to rise above reason and common sense, just as rationalism is the expression of his urge to rise above theology and emotion.” - Charles Yost

Overview Ideas will become more systematic during this period Not just philosophical musings Very organized and competing with other ideas Emergence of the social sciences Ideologies Nationalism Romanticism Classical Liberalism Radicalism, Republicanism, and Socialism Feminism Conservativism Humanitarianism

Nationalism

Nationalism Definition The “nation” is all important, not the ruler Inherently a revolutionary idea, feared by all Artists search for what their “nation” means

Nationalism in Germany Humiliation of French defeats Herder - Volkgeist Reforms in Prussia Baron Stein Hegel Illuminati German Confederation in 1820

Nationalism in Italy Giuseppe MazziniItaly in 1859

Romanticism

Romanticism Love of the unclassifiable Spiritual depth Opposed to the Enlightenment Human emotions are the most important Civilization is corrupting Nature is all powerful Science is dangerous! Industrialization is bad Rural life is good! Nationalism Romantic Novels & Poets Neo-Gothic Architecture Wander Above the Sea of Fog by Caspar David Friedrich

The Dreamer Gaspar David Friedrich, 1835

Tree of Crows Caspar David Friedrich, 1822

The Wreck of the Hope (aka The Sea of Ice) Caspar David Friedrich, 1821

Winter Landscape with Church Gaspar David Friedrich, 1811

Eldena Ruin Gaspar David Friedrich, 1825

Flatford Mill – John Constable, 1817

The Hay Wain - John Constable, 1821

Stonehenge - John Constable, 1836

Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop’s Ground John Constable, 1825

Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows John Constable, 1831

Hadleigh Castle - John Constable, 1829

The Bullfight - Francisco Goya

Rain, Steam, and Speed Joseph Mallord William Turner, 1844

Rain, Steam, & Speed (details)‏

The Slave Ship Joseph Mallord William Turner, 1842

The Slave Ship (details)‏

Liberty Leading the People Eug è ne Delacroix, 1830

Napoleon at the St. Bernard Pass David, 1803

The Shooting of May 3, 1808 Francisco Goya, 1815

The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed with the Sun William Blake,

God as the Architect - William Blake, 1794

Witches Sabbath Francisco Goya, 1798

Saturn Devours His Son Francisco Goya,

The Great Age of the Novel   Gothic Novel: Jane Eyre - Charlotte Bronte (1847) Wuthering Heights - Emily Bronte (1847) Historical Novel: Ivanhoe - Sir Walter Scott (1819) Les Miserables - Victor Hugo (1862) The Three Musketeers – Alexander Dumas (1844) ‏ Science Fiction Novel: Frankenstein - Mary Shelley (1817) Dracula – Bramm Stoker (1897

George Gordon’s (Lord Byron) Poem The Prisoner of Chillon

Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

British Houses of Parliament

The Royal Pavillion at Brighton John Nash,

Classical Liberalism Ideas of the business class Beliefs Free press & assembly Tolerant of religion Constitutional monarchy Laissez-faire John Stuart Mill

English Radicalism Jeremy Bentham Return to the roots of society Totally reconstruct society and government Universal male suffrage

Republicanism English Radicalism on the Continent Anti-clerical Fans of the First French Republic – Reign of Terror folks Wanted republics, not monarchs

Socialism Robert Owen Count de Saint-Simon Louis Blanc Charles Fourier Republicanism with an economic edge Economic system too chaotic Must be regulated Anti-laissez faire State sponsored “workshops” - i.e. factories & companies

Feminism Florence Nightengale

Conservatism Edmund Burke Prince Klemens von Metternich Gradual Adaptation of society Maintain the status quo – No nationalism – No republics – monarchies – Adhered to by nobility and monarchs Fear of the French Revolution

Humanitarianism Sense of cruelty inflicted upon others Torture is gone Prisons, asylums, and government agencies improved Enlightenment ideas still strong

Summary Nationalism began to appear Romanticism Rejected Neo-Classicism and the Enlightenment Connected to Nationalism Radicals, Socialists, and Republicans mixed ideas Feminism began Conservatives rejected all of this