Development of Atomic Structure How long have people been interested in understanding matter and its structure? A.Thousands of years B.Hundreds of years.

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History of Atomic Structure

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Development of Atomic Structure How long have people been interested in understanding matter and its structure? A.Thousands of years B.Hundreds of years C.A few years D.Never Answer: A

Democritus (ca. 450 BC)

Ancient Philosophy Who: Aristotle & Democritus When: More than 2000 years ago Where: Greece What: Aristotle believed in 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. Democritus believed that matter was made of small particles he named “atoms”. Why: Aristotle and Democritus used observation and inference to explain the existence of everything.

Alchemists Who: European Scientists When: 800 – 900 years ago Where: Europe What: Their work developed into what is now modern chemistry. Why: Trying to change ordinary materials into gold.

Alchemic Symbols

John Dalton ( ) Based his work on Lavoisier (Law of Convservation of Mass)

Atomic Theory Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1830) 1) All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible. 2) All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties. 3) Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of whole atoms. 4) A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms.

J.J. Thomson ( ) Discovery of ELECTRON

Cathode Ray Experiment Thomson’s Cathode Ray Experiment (1897) Ray of electrically charged particles through vacuum tube Ray “bent” towards positive plate Must be some negative component to matter

Ernest Rutherford ( ) Discovery of NUCLEUS

Gold Foil Experiment Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment (1909) Shot alpha particles (+) through gold foil 98% passed through undeflected 2% deflected back

Therefore… Small, dense, positively charged mass in center of atom deflecting 2% of alpha particles Called NUCLEUS (contains protons and neutrons) Atom is mostly EMPTY SPACE

Subatomic Particles ParticleSymbolLocationChargeMass Electrone-e- Surrounding nucleus 0 Protonp+p+ Inside nucleus +11 Neutronn0n0 Inside nucleus 01