TERRITORY States cannot exist without territory Territorial Morphology – geographers study the size, shape and relative location of states? How does the size and shape of a state give advantages or disadvantages? 5 types of territorial morphologies

Most modern-day boundaries were drawn by whom?

COMPACT What are the advantages & disadvantages?

FRAGMENTED What are the advantages & disadvantages?

ELONGATED What are the advantages & disadvantages?

PRORUPT or PROTRUDED What are the advantages & disadvantages?

PERFORATED What are the advantages & disadvantages?

What territorial morphology is A ITALY?

EXCLAVES & ENCLAVES Exclave – bounded (non-island) piece of territory that is part of a state but lies separated from it by territory of another state. Enclave – piece of territory that is surrounded by another political unit of which it is not a part (landlocked within the country which surrounds them.

EXCLAVE

ENCLAVE

‘Google’ Azerbaijan and Armenia maps and look what you get…

Talk about a strangely shaped states...

Shape is not a constant for political/economic stability or instability

Resource rich…but with many problems

Very few natural resources…but wealthy and stable

LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES Isolation At the mercy of neighbors Need communication linkages (highways, airports, rivers, etc.) Have formed alliances with other countries to lessen isolation Only LIECHTENSTEIN & UZBEKISTAN are both landlocked and surrounded by landlocked countries.

BOUNDARIES Obviously mark the land surface (Refer to pp in your text). But, they also extend into airspace and the ground What about natural resources? What about air traffic? What about sea traffic?

SETTING BOUNDARIES Stage One DEFINITION – exact location established through legal agreement, treaty, etc. Can describe terrain feature or be measured by longitude and latitude.

SETTING BOUNDARIES Stage Two DELIMITATION – putting the boundary on a map officially.

SETTING BOUNDARIES Stage Three DEMARCATION – The final stage. Marking a boundary with fences, walls, posts, pillars, or other markers. Most of the world’s boundaries are not demarcated.

Four Types of Boundary Disputes Definitional – center on legal issues Locational – definitions not disputed – the interpretation is Operational – parties differ on how boundary should function (how migration should occur) Allocational – conflict over “stuff” – oil, gas, seafloor riches, water

Former Yugoslavia - p

FEDERAL STATES A political-territorial system in which a central government represents the various entities (states, provinces, cantons) within a country (most often a nation-state) where they have common interests (defense, foreign affairs...) but allows the various entities to retain their own identities and to have their own laws, policies & customs within designated spheres.

UNITARY STATES Nation-states having a strong centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state.

Unitary States of the World in blue – Federal States in gray

ADDENDUM: ITEMS OF INTEREST? Where do they fit?

European Microstates Map

KURDISTAN – A Stateless Nation of People (in the mountains of Turkey, Iraq &Iran) KURDS

SEALAND – a country? principality?