Bacteria and Archaea. Prokaryotes Structure, Function, and Reproduction Nutritional and Metabolic Diversity Phylogeny of Prokaryotes Ecological Impact.

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Presentation transcript:

Bacteria and Archaea

Prokaryotes Structure, Function, and Reproduction Nutritional and Metabolic Diversity Phylogeny of Prokaryotes Ecological Impact of Prokaryotes

The World of Prokaryotes They are everywhere, estimated to be 400,000 to be 4 million species Differ from eukaryotic cells, how? Pathogens, decomposers, symbiotes

Bacteria and Archaea Archaea: extreme environments, first to evolve? Bacteria (eubacteria) more “modern” form, most numerous Two domains differ in structure, biochemical, and physiological characteristics

Cell Walls Maintain shape Protect Role in hypotonic environment Chemically different from eukaryotic cell walls

Structure, Function, and Reproduction Cell walls present in almost all prokaryotes Most are motile Genomic organization fundamentally different from eukaryotes Grow and evolve rapidly

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Organization Prokaryote use specialized membranes: cell respiration and photosynthesis Genophore: bacterial chromosome, few histones, circular Plasmid, usually not essential Ribosomes (different proteins and rRNA composition)

Motility: use one of three mechanisms to move Flagella: rotate rather than whip back and forth Filaments: in spirochetes, cause cell to spiral Gliding: secrete slimy chemicals, may use flagellar “motors” w/out flagella

The Genetics of Bacteria Genome-one double-stranded DNA Few histones May contain plasmid-extrachromosomal DNA Reproduce by binary fission

Plasmids Small, circular, double-stranded DNA with extrachromosomal genes Not required for survival of cell Replicate independently Episomes-plasmids that can incorporate into the main chromosome R plasmid-carry resistance to antibiotics

Reproduce by Binary Fission Genetic recombination is possible: transformation, conjugation, and transduction Endospores-resistant cell, able to survive boiling water, long dormancy possible (anthrax endospore)

Nutritional and Metabolic Diversity Four categories of obtaining energy: 1.Photoautotrophs 2.Chemoautotrophs 3.Photoheterotrophs 4.Chemoheterotrophs Saprobes vs. parasites Nitrogen metabolism Obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes, obligate anaerobes

Bacteria Recombination Transformation foreign DNA is assimilated Conjugation gene transfer via pilus Transduction gene transfer via a vector (virus)

Bacterial Transduction

Conjugation

Bacteria with Pilus

Transposons Pieces of DNA that move from one chromosome to another Conservative-moves to another location Replicative-copies are produced that move

Evolutionary Importance First evolved billion years ago Origin of photosynthesis: first photosynthetic pigments may have originated to protect cells from excess uv light First photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) evolved billion years ago

Phylogeny of Prokaryotes

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