I. Americans Head West A. Manifest Destiny - idea that the US had a God- given right to all of North America 1. US would expand its rule to the Pacific 2. Phrase first coined by newspaper editor John O’Sullivan 3. Justified taking lands because minorities were viewed as inferior a. Native Americans & Mexicans were disrespected

1. Trapping & trading- mountain men led the way 2. Converted natives to Christianity 3. Lumberjacks & miners capitalized on natural resources 4. Farmers were followed by entrepreneurs

A. Santa Fe Trail - first major western trail 1. Missouri to Santa Fe, booming trade center - started as a commercial route 2. William Becknell pioneered the trail – 800 miles in 2 months 3. Later served as route for migrants heading west B. Oregon Trail was the longest and most famous trail miles from Missouri to Oregon 1. Dangers – mountains, harsh weather and disease

1. Joseph Smith founded the church in NY in 1830 a. polygamy fueled hostility in NY, OH & MO b. Smith was killed by a mob in Nauvoo, IL 2. Brigham Young led 16,000 to Great Salt Lake in Utah 3. Mormons crossed the Rockies to avoid persecution & settled in remote areas

A. Gold fever led to largest single migration west along the CA Trail 1. In 1848, gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill 2. Thousands headed west after Polk’s State of the Union address

B. Rush to California - in 1849, over 80,000 “49ers” rushed to CA 1. Some followed CA Trail, while others sailed the Pacific Ocean > CA Trail was the single largest migration to the West 2. By 1854, some 300,000 migrants headed to CA C. Booming cities – San Francisco, Stockton & Sacramento

A. Oregon Treaty – Polk campaigned with “54 40’ or Fight” B. Communication links – Pony Express delivered mail > telegraph replaced Pony Express in 1861 C. Greatest effect was on Native Americans – lives changed forever!

29. Describe the Mormons migration to the West. 30. Which journalist first used the phrase Manifest Destiny ? 31. The state of ___________________ was the meeting place for pioneers heading to the West. 32. What was the largest single migration to the West? 33. Identify three effects of westward migration. a.b.c.

I. Spanish Settled Texas A. Missions were built by Spanish Catholics to convert Native Americans to Christianity 1. Natives rejected mission life and conversion 2. Missions + Disease = Death  Natives rebelled and attacked B. Spain ultimately abandoned missions

A. Mexican independence encouraged American settlers to move to Texas 1. Cheap land and opportunity to farm led to increased settlement B. Stephen F. Austin was the “Father of Texas” C. Empresarios recruited settlers and established colonies - 30,000 by 1830

A. Tensions in Texas 1. In 1830, law passed to stop American immigration into Texas 2. Mexican govt. sent troops to stop immigration and collect taxes 3. Settlers needed to obey Mexican laws – Americans were outraged

B. Revolution began 1. Texans protested Mexican govt. – settlers wrongly imprisoned 2. Texans attacked at Velasco – Mexicans surrendered 3. Austin went to Mexico City to propose separate Mexican state - Austin was jailed 4. Santa Anna became President & wanted a strong central govt. a. Texans felt liberties were threatened 5. Battle of Gonzales, 10/1835, started revolution 6. Sam Houston was put in charge of army

C. The Alamo  1. Texans captured San Antonio and declared independence  2. Santa Anna sent 6,000 troops in Feb  Texans assumed defensive position in fort  a. Texans led by Bowie, Travis and Crockett  4. Mexicans bombarded Alamo for 12 straight days  5. 1,800 Mexicans stormed Alamo on 3/6/1836 – all Texans were killed

D. Goliad and the Runaway Scrape Texas prisoners executed in Goliad Massacre 2. Houston ordered retreat to the east - thousands fled Santa Anna’s advancing army E. Victory at the Battle of San Jacinto – Houston launched surprise attack near coast 1. Texans attacked from high ground – Santa Anna captured 2. Treaties of Velasco ended war – Republic of Texas founded a. Sam Houston became President

F. Annexation of Texas 1. Admittance as slave state would boost South’s political power 2. Northerners opposed spread of slavery to the west 3. President Polk favored annexation – elected in 1844 a. Mexico considered it a declaration of war b. Texas joined the Union in December 1845

I. Tensions Between US and Mexico A. Annexation enraged Mexican govt. B. Polk’s Manifest Destiny wanted to expand to Pacific Ocean 1. Included New Mexico Territory and California C. Boundary dispute 1. Nueces River recognized as boundary by US 2. Texans recognized boundary as Rio Grande (farther south)

A. Causes of war 1. Texas annexation 2. Boundary dispute 3. Manifest Destiny B. Gen. Zachary Taylor crossed Nueces River to disputed area 1. Small fight led US to declare war in May, 1836 “…blood shed on American soil”

C. Fighting the war 1. Aggressive strategy developed to win the war 2. Gen. Stephen Kearny captured Santa Fe, NM, then headed west for CA 3. Californians successfully revolted against Mexican rule > Became Republic of California in June Gen. Taylor advanced into northern Mexico – captured towns of Buena Vista and Monterrey 5. Chapultepec – Mexicans fought to the last man (honored as heroes) 6. Gen. Winfield Scott captured Mexico City in Sept > Fall of capital city led to Mexico giving in to American demands

1. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war > Resolved Mexican claims to Texas & ceded much of Mexico’s northern territory to the US 2. Mexican Cession was largest area in the West acquired through military conquest > Lands gained from Mexico in treaty - AZ, CA & NM for $15 million

3. Gadsden Purchase was made to create southern route for Transcontinental RR > Added southern AZ and southwest NM for $10 million 4. Manifest Destiny was fulfilled