Components of Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Punishment.

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Presentation transcript:

Components of Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Punishment

Positive Favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior. In situations that reflect positive reinforcement, a response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of something, such as praise or a direct reward. Negative Involve the removal of an unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behavior. In these situations, a response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant.

Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous the desired behavior is reinforced every single time it occurs. this schedule is best used during the initial stages of learning in order to create a strong association between the behavior and the response. Partial the response is reinforced only part of the time. Learned behaviors are acquired more slowly with partial reinforcement, but the response is more resistant to extinction (a loss of a learned response).

Fixed-Ratio Are those where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses. Example: -Making your bed everyday and by the end of the week, your parents give you an allowance. Fixed-Interval Are those where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed. Example: -Having a math test every month.

Variable-Ratio Occur when a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. Example: -Boys that take their chances asking a girl to dance. Variable-Interval Occur when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. Example: -Pop quizzes

Positive sometimes referred to as punishment by application, involves the presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows. Negative also known as punishment by removal, occurs when an favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs.

Skinner Box Is a chamber that contains a bar or key that an animal can press or manipulate in order to obtain food or water as a type of reinforcement. Using the device researchers could carefully study behavior in a very controlled environment. Researchers could utilize the Skinner box to determine which schedule of reinforcement led to the highest rate of response in the study subjects.

Sources: conditioning.html /a/introopcond.htm /a/schedules.htm conditioning.html /a/introopcond.htm /a/schedules.htm