Update SoW-1 with the best data and information available, focusing on changes that had occurred since 1996 Provide sound basis for updating GPA taking into account changes, needs and gaps Assist national, regional and global policies and efforts for effective conservation and sustainable utilization of PGR for food security The 2 nd State of the World’s PGRFA Report (SoW-2) 03/11

Chapter 1: The state of diversity Chapter 2: The state of in situ management Chapter 3: The state of ex situ conservation Chapter 4: The state of use Chapter 5: The state of national programmes, training needs and legislation Chapter 6: The state of regional and international collaboration Chapter 7: Access to plant genetic resources, the sharing of benefits derived from their use and the realization of farmers' rights Chapter 8: The contribution of PGRFA to food security and sustainable agricultural management Structure of the SOW-2

Chapter 1 The state of diversity The total number of accessions conserved ex situ worldwide has increased by approximately 20% since 1996, reaching 7.4 million. Less than 30% of the total number of accessions are distinct. While the number of accessions of minor crops and crop wild relatives (CWR) has increased, these categories are still generally under- represented. Scientific understanding of the on farm management of genetic diversity has increased. With the development of new molecular techniques, the amount of data available on genetic diversity has increased dramatically, leading to an improved understanding of issues such as domestication, genetic erosion, and genetic vulnerability.

Chapter 2 The state of in situ management Since 1996, a large number of surveys and inventories have been carried out in many countries both in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Awareness has increased of the importance and value of CWR and of the need to conserve them in situ. A global strategy for CWR conservation and use has been drafted, protocols for in situ conservation of CWR are now available, and a new Specialist Group on CWR has been established within International Union for the Conservation of Nature/Species Survival Commission. The number and coverage of protected areas has expanded by approximately 30% over the past decade and this has indirectly led to a greater protection of CWR. The number of on farm management projects carried out with the participation of local stakeholders has increased and new legal mechanisms have been put in place in several countries to enable farmers to market genetically diverse varieties.

Chapter 3 The state of ex situ conservation Since 1996, more than 1.4 million accessions have been added to ex situ collections, the large majority of which are in the form of seeds. Fewer countries now account for a larger percentage of the total world ex situ germplasm holdings than was the case in While many major crops are well, even over-duplicated, many important collections are inadequately so and hence potentially at risk. While significant advances have been made in regeneration in both national and international collections, the documentation and characterization of many collections is still inadequate. The number of botanical gardens around the world now exceeds 2,500, maintaining samples of some 80,000 plant species. Botanical gardens took the lead in developing the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation adopted by the Convention on Biological Diversity in The creation of the Global Crop Diversity Trust and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault both represent major achievements since the first SoW report was published and the world’s PGRFA is undoubtedly more secure.

Chapter 4 The state of use of PGRFA Global plant breeding capacity has not changed significantly since In many countries public sector plant breeding has continued to contract, with the private sector increasingly taking over. The number of accessions characterized and evaluated has increased in all regions but not in all individual countries. More countries now use molecular markers to characterize their germplasm and undertake genetic enhancement and base broadening to introduce new traits from non-adapted populations and wild relatives. Several important new international initiatives have been established that promote increased PGRFA use: for instance, the GIPB, the GCDT, and the new Generation and Harvest Plus Challenge Programs of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Compared to 1996, genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics and climate change are important now, and greater prominence is also given to sustainable agriculture, biofuel crops and human health.

Chapter 5 The state of national programmes, training needs and legislation Of the 109 countries that provided information for both the 1st and 2nd SoW reports, 43% had no national programme in 1996 and 96% have one now. In most countries national government institutions are the principal entities involved, however, the inclusion of other stakeholders, especially universities, has expanded. Since the first SoW report was published, most countries have enacted new national phytosanitary legislation, or revised old legislation, in large part in response to the adoption in 1997 of the revised International Plant Protection Convention. The importance of farmers as custodians and developers of genetic diversity was recognized in the ITPGRFA through the provisions of Article 9 on Farmers’ Rights. Biosafety has emerged as an important issue, and many countries have now either adopted national biosafety regulations or frameworks, or are currently developing them. As of August 2009, 156 countries had ratified the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.

Chapter 6 The state of regional and international collaboration The entry into force of the ITPGRFA in 2004 marks the most significant development since the publication of the first SoW report. Since 1996, a number of new regional networks on PGRFA have been established and a few others have become stronger. FAO has further strengthened its activities in PGRFA since the first SoW report, for example through establishing GIPB in The International Centres of the CGIAR concluded agreements in 2006 with FAO, acting on behalf of the Governing Body of the ITPGRFA, bringing their collections within the ITPGRFA’s multilateral system of access and benefit sharing. Other initiatives: establishment of the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture in 1999; the Central Asia and the Caucasus Association of Agriculture Research Institution and the Global Forum on Agricultural Research in 2000; the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa in 2002; the Global Cacao Genetic Resources Network in 200;, and the Crops for the Future and the SGSV in 2008.

Chapter 7 Access to plant genetic resources, the sharing of benefits derived from their use and the realization of farmers' rights The entry into force of the ITPGRFA in 2004 marks the most significant development since the publication of the first SoW report. 120 parties in June Negotiations under the CBD to develop an international regime on ABS are scheduled to be finalized in In February 2009, the CBD Database on ABS Measures listed 30 countries with legislation regulating ABS. Of these, 22 had adopted new laws or regulations since So far there are few models that can be emulated and several countries are experimenting with new ways of protecting and rewarding traditional knowledge and realizing Farmers’ Rights.

Chapter 8 The contribution of PGRFA to food security and sustainable agricultural management Concerns about the potential impact of climate change have grown substantially over the past decade. There have been growing efforts to strengthen the relationship between agriculture and the provision of ecosystem services → Schemes that promote Payment for Ecosystem Services are being set up. PGRFA are becoming recognised as being critically important for the development of farming systems that capture more carbon and emit fewer greenhouse gasses, and for underpinning the breeding of the new varieties that will be needed for agriculture to adapt to the anticipated future environmental conditions. In spite of the enormous contribution by PGRFA to global food security and sustainable agriculture, its role is not widely recognized or understood.

12 Information gathering pilot phase Country Reports NISM Thematic background studies Other sources Information analysis phase Analysis of changes, needs and gaps Regional synthesis Integration of new emerging issues (Biosafety, Climate change, International trade, ABS, Globalization, etc) Information packaging and product development phase Expert consultation SoW-2 Preparatory Process Four main steps

Region Number of countries Africa22 Americas22 Asia and the Pacific19 Europe30 Near East17 Total110 Country Report Preparation - Distribution -

–Conservation of wild relatives –Indicators (erosion, vulnerability..) –Methodologies to use –Seed security –PGRFA and Health –Impact of policies –Climate change Thematic background studies (examples)

15 Information on SoW-1 – qualitative Most of the country reports arrived in 2009 Difference in sample to compare SoW-1 with SoW-2 Time constraint to prepare the first draft of the SoW-2 Quality of the Country Reports SoW-2 Preparatory Process Challenges

The Global Plan of Action Provides a coherent framework for 20 priority activity areas in conservation and sustainable utilization, institutions and capacity- building for better management, cooperation, and coordination of all PGRFA-related activities Is a rolling plan that needs to be periodically updated based on the State of the World’s PGRFA Drawn from findings and needs identified through the First Report on the State of the World, the Global Plan of Action (GPA) is a set of recommendations and activities in all PGRFA activities

Thematic Background Studies Country Reports National Information Sharing Mechanisms Focusing on Key Changes since 1996 Second State of the World on PGRFA Updating of the rolling Global Plan of Action Analysis of changing needs and gaps Integration of new emerging issues COUNTRY-DRIVEN PROCESS Food security, rural development, sustainable agriculture, protection of environment Implementation of the IT-PGRFA Strategic and Integrated Management of Plant Genetic Resources Food and Agriculture

PGRFA are essential elements for achieving Goals 1 and 7 of the Millennium Development Goals for fighting poverty and ensuing food security for future generations since 75% of human and animal nutrition depend of plants Expected Benefits of an Integrated Management of PGRFA Full realization of the benefits and uses of PGRFA to reach through the establishment of efficient and integrated national strategies establishing strong linkages between all sectors of PGRFA More rapid adaptation of agricultural production to the challenges of global warming, food security, sustainable development, demographics, and economy Fostering the implementation of the IT-PGRFA