Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key. How to Use This Presentation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation Transparencies Visual Concepts Standardized Test Prep Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Animal Behavior Chapter 36 Table of Contents Section 1 Evolution of Behavior Section 2 Types of Behavior

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Evolution of Behavior Objectives Distinguish between “how” and “why” questions about behavior. Describe how natural selection shapes behavior. Compare innate and learned behaviors. Summarize how behavior is influenced by both heredity and learning. Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu What is Behavior? A behavior is an action or series of actions performed by an animal in response to a stimulus. Scientists studying behavior investigate “how” questions and “why” questions. “How” questions are about how a behavior is triggered, controlled, and performed. “Why” questions seek to identify the benefits of a particular behavior. Section 1 Evolution of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Natural Selection and Behavior Natural selection favors behaviors that improve the likelihood that an individual will survive to reproduce. Section 1 Evolution of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Natural Selection and Behavior, continued Individual Selection Natural selection favors traits that contribute to the survival and reproduction of individuals, not species. Section 1 Evolution of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Genetically Influenced Behavior Many kinds of animal behaviors are influenced by genes. Genetically programmed behavior is often called innate behavior or instinct. A fixed action pattern behavior is an innate behavior that always occurs the same way. Section 1 Evolution of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Innate Behaviors and Roles for Bees Section 1 Evolution of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Genetically Influenced Behavior, continued Demonstrating the Genetic Basis of Behavior Nest building is an innate behavior exhibited by most birds. Evidence that many behaviors have a genetic basis comes from studies in which two types of birds were interbred. The hybrid offspring showed nesting behaviors that resembled those of both parents. Section 1 Evolution of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Nest Building Behavior Section 1 Evolution of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Learning and Behavior The development of behaviors through experience is called learning. Learning can influence the expression of innate behavior and the expression of behaviors that are not innate. Habituation is one simple kind of learning. In habituation, an animal learns to ignore a frequent, harmless stimulus. Section 1 Evolution of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Learning and Behavior, continued Classical Conditioning A more complex type of learning is conditioning, or learning by association. A type of conditioning in which an animal comes to associate an unrelated response with a stimulus is called classical conditioning. Section 1 Evolution of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Conditioning Section 1 Evolution of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Learning and Behavior, continued Trial-and-Error Learning Animals learn by trial-and-error that performing a certain action will result in a reward or punishment. When trial-and-error learning occurs under highly controlled conditions, it is called operant conditioning. Section 1 Evolution of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Learning and Behavior, continued Reasoning The ability to analyze a problem and think of a possible solution is called reasoning. Reasoning involves using experience to develop an insight into how to solve a new problem. Humans and other primates show the ability to reason. Section 1 Evolution of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Genetic and Learned Aspects of Behavior Biologists who study animal behavior think that behavior has both genetic and learned components. Section 1 Evolution of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Genetic and Learned Aspects of Behavior, continued Imprinting Learning that can occur only during a specific period early in the life of an animal is called imprinting. Imprinting cannot be changed once it occurs. Section 1 Evolution of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Types of Behavior Categories of Animal Behavior Most animals have many different kinds of behavior, each suited to a particular situation. Biologists have classified the behaviors animals perform into several broad categories. Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Animal Behavior Section 2 Types of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Categories of Animal Behavior, continued Influences on Behavior Animal behaviors tend to favor survival and reproductive success. Foraging is finding and getting food. Animals display different kinds of foraging behavior. Generalists consume many different kinds of food. Specialists feed primarily on one kind of food. Section 2 Types of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Communication Animals use signals to influence the behavior of other animals. Animals have several different signals, each suited to a different situation. Section 2 Types of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Insect Communication Section 2 Types of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Communication, continued Primate Communication Among animals, vocal communication may be most developed in the primates. In humans, language develops at a very early age. Section 2 Types of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reproductive Behavior When ready to mate, animals produce signals to communicate with potential partners. Each animal species usually produces a unique courtship signal that ensures that individuals do not mate with individuals of another species. Section 2 Types of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reproductive Behavior, continued Mate Choice In many animals, the female evaluates the male before she decides to mate, a behavior called mate choice. In some animal species, males have extreme characteristics that they use in their courtship displays. These extreme traits help males attract or acquire mates. Sexual selection is selection in which a mate is chosen based on a certain trait or set of traits. Section 2 Types of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Sexual Selection Section 2 Types of Behavior Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice Use the photos below and your knowledge of science to answer questions 1–3. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 1.How is another dog likely to respond to the signal given by the dog in A? A.by cowering in fear B.by attacking C.by playing D.by foraging Standardized Test Prep Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 1.How is another dog likely to respond to the signal given by the dog in A? A.by cowering in fear B.by attacking C.by playing D.by foraging Standardized Test Prep Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2.Why might natural selection have favored the evolution of the behavior shown in B? F.Goslings that can recognize the shape of a bucket are more likely to find food. G.Goslings that follow their mother are more likely to find food and avoid danger. H.Adult geese that travel in single file as a group are more likely to avoid predators. J.Adult geese that associate with humans are more likely to reproduce. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2.Why might natural selection have favored the evolution of the behavior shown in B? F.Goslings that can recognize the shape of a bucket are more likely to find food. G.Goslings that follow their mother are more likely to find food and avoid danger. H.Adult geese that travel in single file as a group are more likely to avoid predators. J.Adult geese that associate with humans are more likely to reproduce. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3.The behavior shown by the adult lion in C may have evolved because natural selection favors behaviors that A.have no adaptive value. B.protect all young in a group. C.lead to the death of all young in a group. D.help more of one’s own offspring to survive. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 36

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. The behavior shown by the adult lion in C may have evolved because natural selection favors behaviors that A.have no adaptive value. B.protect all young in a group. C.lead to the death of all young in a group. D.help more of one’s own offspring to survive. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 36