Chapter 4 – The Periodic Table 4.1 How are the Elements Organized? 4.2 – Tour of the Periodic Table

Periodic Pattern John Newlands – 1 st 16 elements according to atomic mass John Newlands – 1 st 16 elements according to atomic mass Dmitri Mendeleev – 1 st 63 elements according to atomic mass Dmitri Mendeleev – 1 st 63 elements according to atomic mass Some discrepancies and gaps Some discrepancies and gaps Predicted properties of other elements Predicted properties of other elements Henry Moseley – x-ray spectra - numbers Henry Moseley – x-ray spectra - numbers

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Periodic Table Periodic Law – the repeating physical and chemical properties if elements change periodically with their atomic number Periodic Law – the repeating physical and chemical properties if elements change periodically with their atomic number Period – a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table Period – a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table Similar e- configs Similar e- configs

Periodic Table Group – a vertical column of elements on the p.t. Group – a vertical column of elements on the p.t. Similar properties w/ some gradation Similar properties w/ some gradation MGE – elements in the s-block and the p-block of the periodic table MGE – elements in the s-block and the p-block of the periodic table Having very regular e- configs Having very regular e- configs AKA representative elements AKA representative elements

Group 1 Alkali metals – highly reactive metallic elements in group 1 that react rapidly with water to form hydrogen and alkaline solutions and that burn in air Alkali metals – highly reactive metallic elements in group 1 that react rapidly with water to form hydrogen and alkaline solutions and that burn in air Soft, shine (dulls in oxygen/water), stored in oil or kerosene, violent rxn with cold water, good conductors Soft, shine (dulls in oxygen/water), stored in oil or kerosene, violent rxn with cold water, good conductors

Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals – reactive metallic elements in group 2 with 2 e- ’s in the outer most E level Alkaline Earth Metals – reactive metallic elements in group 2 with 2 e- ’s in the outer most E level Compared to alkali metals a.e.m. are harder, denser, stronger, and have higher m.p. Compared to alkali metals a.e.m. are harder, denser, stronger, and have higher m.p. Less reactive than a.m. and reactivity decreases as you go down the group Less reactive than a.m. and reactivity decreases as you go down the group

Group 17 Halogens – a nonmetallic element in group 17 of the p.t. that has 7 e-’s in the outermost E level and combines w/metals to form salts Halogens – a nonmetallic element in group 17 of the p.t. that has 7 e-’s in the outermost E level and combines w/metals to form salts Most reactive group of nonmetals Most reactive group of nonmetals Salt – a cmpd. Composed of + and – ions arranged in a regular 3D pattern Salt – a cmpd. Composed of + and – ions arranged in a regular 3D pattern

Group 18 Noble Gases – elements in group 18 of the p.t. that are characterized by low reactivity Noble Gases – elements in group 18 of the p.t. that are characterized by low reactivity Stable octet Stable octet Hydrogen – class by itself Hydrogen – class by itself Most common element Most common element 1 p+ and 1 e- 1 p+ and 1 e- Violent rxn with oxygen to make water Violent rxn with oxygen to make water

Lanthanides and Actinides Lanthanides – shiny, metallic transition metals with atomic # in which e- are added to the 4f orbitals Lanthanides – shiny, metallic transition metals with atomic # in which e- are added to the 4f orbitals Shiny and reactive Shiny and reactive Actinides– shiny, metallic transition metals with atomic # in which e- are added to the 5f orbitals Actinides– shiny, metallic transition metals with atomic # in which e- are added to the 5f orbitals All are radioactive All are radioactive

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Metals Metals – an element that is a good conductor of electricity Metals – an element that is a good conductor of electricity Left side of p.t. Left side of p.t. Conductivity as temp. Conductivity as temp. Solids at room temperature Solids at room temperature Alloy – a solid or liquid mixture of 2 or more metals Alloy – a solid or liquid mixture of 2 or more metals

Periodic Table Transition Metals – one of the metals that can use the inner shell b4 using the outer shell aka: d block elements Transition Metals – one of the metals that can use the inner shell b4 using the outer shell aka: d block elements Less reactive than groups 1 & 2 Less reactive than groups 1 & 2

Periodic Table Nonmetals – an element that is a poor conductor of electricity Nonmetals – an element that is a poor conductor of electricity Right of p.t. Right of p.t. Poor conductors (as temp conductivity ) Poor conductors (as temp conductivity )

Periodic Table Semiconductors – a crystalline material with intermediate electrical conductivity Semiconductors – a crystalline material with intermediate electrical conductivity Stair step line Stair step line Metalloids Metalloids Solids at room temperature Solids at room temperature Used in electrical devices Used in electrical devices

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