Chapter 2 Section 1

1607 – Jamestown First permanent settlement in North America

People came from many regions to North America in the 1600s English established and governed 13 colonies English colonists brought ideas about government

Some ideas already embodied in existing governing systems in North America English system – two principles of government 1. Limited government 2. Representative government Greatly influenced the development of the United States

Colonists accepted the idea that government was not all-powerful by the time they reached North America Magna Carta – Great Charter King John forced to sign in 1215 Provided basis for limited government

Provided protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law Certain taxes could not be levied without popular consent Rights originally only applied to nobility Opponents of absolute monarchy used the precedent set to gain more political liberties Limited Government – a system in which the power of the government is limited, not absolute

1625 – Charles I Dissolved Parliament Lodged troops in private homes Some areas under martial law

1628 – called Parliament back into session Representatives forced the king to sign the Petition of Right Severely limited power Repealed what he had put in place

1688 – Parliament removed James II and crowned William III and Mary II Peaceful transfer known as the Glorious Revolution English Bill of Rights – document that set clear limits on what a ruler could and could not do Applied to American colonies

1. Monarchs do not have absolute authority 2. The monarch must have Parliament’s consent to suspend laws, levy taxes, or maintain an army 3. The monarch cannot interfere with parliamentary elections and debates

4. The people have a right to petition the government and to have a fair and speedy trial by jury of their peers 5. The people should not be subject to cruel and unusual punishments or to excessive fines and bail

Representative Government – a system of government in which people elect delegates to make laws and conduct government English Parliament – representative assembly with the power to enact laws Upper chamber and lower chamber

American legislatures grew out of the English practice of representation

Ideas and writings of English philosophers influenced the American colonists John Locke Voltaire Jean Jacque Rousseau Believed that people should contract among themselves to form governments to protect their natural rights

Locke reasoned that in a state of nature (before governments were formed), all people were born free, equal, and independent Believed that the laws of nature, “natural law” provided rights to life, liberty, and property If government failed to protect these natural rights, the people could change that contract (social contract)

Such political philosophy was revolutionary in an age when monarchs still claimed they had God-given absolute powers Government was legitimate only as long as people continued to consent to it

– 13 English colonies founded Present system of American government evolved Each colony had its own government Governor, Legislature, Court System

Women and enslaved persons could not vote Every colony had some type of property qualification for voting 9 of the 13 colonies had an official or established church

Key practices 1. A written constitution that guaranteed basic liberties and limited the power of government 2. A legislature of elected representatives 3. The separation of powers between the governor and the legislature

Mayflower Compact – document Pilgrims signed in 1620; first example of colonial plan for self-government 1636 – Great Fundamentals First basic system of laws

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut America’s first formal constitution or charter Laid out a plan for government that gave the people the right to elect the governor, judges, and representatives to make laws

1619 – Virginia House of Burgesses First legislature in America In England the king appointed the leaders of the Church of England; Puritans rejected this idea Believed that he members of each congregation should choose their own misters and leaders

Puritans migrated to gain religious freedom Believed that church members should elect the colony’s government As a result, representative government was established Colonial legislatures were examples of the consent of the governed because a large number of qualified men voted

Colonial charters divided the power of government Separation of Powers – the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government

Idea popularized by Charles-Louis Montesquieu Colonial legislatures became the political training grounds for the leaders who would later write the Constitution