Beyond Plagiarism: Helping Students Use Digital Sources Responsibly Elizabeth Kleinfeld Metropolitan State College of Denver

Grouchy Rant, part 1 Our conversations have focused on how we catch plagiarism rather than on how we prevent it Telling students about plagiarism isn’t teaching students about plagiarism

Grouchy Rant, part 2 Digital sources can be abused in many ways, and most students don't even know when they've done it. Even more alarming: their instructors usually don't know.

Grouchy Rant, part 3 We need to address issues of media and information literacy with our students rather than taking up pitchforks and torches and rallying against them!

Not about catching plagiarism but about preventing plagiarism.

The Citation Project Multi-institution research project ▫15 colleges from across the country  Community colleges, 4-year colleges, universities  Public and private  Religious and secular ▫Online courses and f2f Aims to describe how student writers use their sources ▫Methodology: Citation Analysis ▫Emphasizes description over judgment

Citation Project Preliminary Findings Of 441 source citations Source UsePercentage Copying w/o quotation marks6.6% Copying w/quotation marks38.3% Patchwriting29.7% Paraphrase17.7% Summary7.7%

What this means 44.9% of citations are direct quotation or copying *no evidence of understanding or engagement with source When you add patchwriting, 74.6% of citations are not transformative

Citation Project Preliminary Findings Of 441 source citations Length of sourcePercentage One page20% Two pages19% Three pages18% 57% of sources are 1-3 pages long

Citation Project Preliminary Findings Of 441 source citations Page of citationPercentage Page 152% Page 224% 76% of citations come from the first two pages of the source

But wait, there’s more!

Thanks to Rebecca Moore Howard

What this means Students are copying from, quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing sources that are themselves summaries. Students are using sources that look to them— and US—like peer-reviewed scholarly sources.

Best Practices Accept that digital sources are here to stay.

Restructure research writing assignments Research first, write second. ▫Have students work in groups to read and discuss sources connected to their research. ▫Have students present sources to class for discussion. ▫Position yourself as a researcher/learner rather than an expert. Reconsider whether students should be required to cite peer-reviewed/scholarly sources.

Focus on longer sources Require students to read beyond page 3. Support students in making sense of long sources. ▫Consider assigning a book to the class. Have students write about the book in chunks. ▫Teach students how to summarize.  Could have students work in groups to summarize a book the whole class has read; each group presents their summary for critique.

Analyze digital sources Go beyond author’s credentials. Help students understand that publishers matter.

Craft better writing assignments Create assignments that require students to transform their sources. ▫Multigenre approaches ▫Multimodal approaches Assign reflective writing.

Questions? Ideas? Elizabeth Kleinfeld