1 Macromolecules

2 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

3 Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). Usually with C, H, O or N. Example: CH 4 (methane)

4 Carbon (C) Continued Carbon can bind with many elements and with itselfCarbon can bind with many elements and with itself Able to form long chainsAble to form long chains Chains of carbon can close up to form ringsChains of carbon can close up to form rings Carbon is more versatile than any other elementCarbon is more versatile than any other element

5Macromolecules Large organic molecules—made of 100’s to 1000’s of smaller molecules. Also called POLYMERS. Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS.

6 Examples of Macromolecules Also called Carbon Compounds –Carbohydrates –Lipids –Proteins –Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

7 How Are Macromolecules Formed?

8 Answer: Dehydration Synthesis Also called “condensation reaction”Also called “condensation reaction” Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”.Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HOH HH H2OH2O

9 How are Macromolecules separated or digested? How are Macromolecules separated or digested?

10 Answer: Hydrolysis Separates polymers by “adding water” (makes polymers fall apart)Separates polymers by “adding water” (makes polymers fall apart) HO HH H H2OH2O

11 Carbohydrates

12 Carbohydrates Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen Used by living things as their main source of energy

13 Carbohydrates Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules.Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Examples:Examples: A.monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide

14 Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) deoxyribose ribose Fructose Galactose glucose

15 Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: –Sucrose (table sugar) –Lactose (milk) –Maltose (honey) glucoseglucose

16 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

17 Lipids

18Lipids Made mostly of carbon & hydrogen General term for compounds which are not soluble in water. Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. Remember: “stores the most energy” Examples:1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides

19 Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3.Protection against physical shock 4.Protection against water loss 5.Chemical messengers (hormones) 6.Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

20 Lipids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =

21 Fatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad—solid at room temp) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good-liquid at room temp)

22 Proteins

23 Proteins Contain – nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen Made of monomers called amino acids 20 different amino acids Protein chains able to fold or twist into different shapes

24 Proteins (Polypeptides) Six functions of proteins: 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions

25 Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure B.Secondary Structure C.Tertiary Structure D.Quaternary Structure

26 Primary Structure Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

27 Secondary Structure 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. Two examples: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds

28 Tertiary Structure Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S).Called a “subunit”. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet

29 Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “subunits” Globular in shape Form in aqueous environments Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) subunits

30 Nucleic Acids

31 Nucleic Acids Contain – hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus Built of monomers called nucleotides Store & transmit hereditary (genetic) information

32 Nucleic acids Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA- single strand) Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.

33 Nucleic acids Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G)

34 Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose)

35 DNA - double helix P P P O O O P P P O O O G C TA