Roman Britain With gratitude to Sr. Therese Dougherty of the University of Notre Dame, MD, for the original PowerPoint.

Native Tribes Catuvellauni Iceni Trinovantes Atrebates Belgae Brigantes

Iron Age British Settlement

Romanisation 55 BCE Julius Caesar's first invasion of Britain. 54 BCE Julius Caesar's second invasion of Britain. 54 BCE-43 CE - Roman influence increases in Britain through trade and other interaction. 5 CE Rome acknowledges Cymbeline, King of the Catuvellauni, as king of Britain.

Maiden Castle

Maiden Castle: an Iron Age hill fort, 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) south west of Dorchester, in the English county of Dorset. Hill forts were fortified hill-top settlements constructed across Britain during the Iron Age.

In AD 43, the Roman conquest of Britain began. Vespasian's subsequent campaign to conquer the tribes of the Atrebates, Dumnonii, and Durotriges in the southwest of Britain took place in AD 43–47. Based on the discovery of a group of bodies in the Late Iron Age formal cemetery that had met a violent death, archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler created a vivid story of the fall of Maiden Castle to Roman forces. He believed a legion wreaked destruction on the site, butchering men, women, and children, before setting fire to the site and slighting its defences. However, there is little archaeological evidence to support this version of events, or even that the hill fort was attacked by the Romans..

Although there is a layer of charcoal, it is associated with the iron works, and the main evidence for slighting of defences comes from the collapse of an entranceway to the fort. Although 14 bodies in the cemetery exhibited signs of a violent death, there is no evidence that they died at Maiden Castle.. Iron Age of Britain: Late 7th c or 800 BC- 43 A.D

Caligula “Invades” Britain: 40 A.D.

Claudius Nephew of Caligula Intelligent Historian Physical disabilities Why decide to invade Britain?

43 CE Claudius’ invasion of Britain Verica,king of the Atrebates, was his excuse. – had been driven out by Cunobelin's successor, Caratacus. Four legions under Aulus Plautius, land at Richborough. Togodumnus and Caratacus oppose them. Romans pushed Caratacus back to Camulodunum (Colchester). There, Plautius waited for Claudius to arrive from Rome. Claudius came with sixteen elephants. Caratacus escaped, was betrayed by Queen Cartumandua of the Brigantes, and was defeated.

London (Londinium) Colchester (Camulodunum) – capital of the Trinovantes St Albans (Verulamium) – capital of the Catuvellauni Chichester (Noviomagus) winter fort in the territory of the Atrebates Bath (Aquae Sulis ) Cirencester (Corinium) Small village outside an early first century Roman fort Hadrian visited here in second century Second in size to London in the third century.

Camulodunum (Colchester) becomes the first Roman city. "... [at Camulodunum] the temple raised to the deified Claudius continually met the view, like the citadel of an eternal tyranny; while the priests, chosen for its service, were bound under the pretext of religion to pour out their fortunes like water....“ (Tacitus Annals XIV.xxxi)

The Roman Senate and People to Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, son of Drusus, Pontifex Maximus, Tribunician power eleven times, Consul five times, Imperator 22 times, Censor, Father of the Fatherland, because he received the surrender of eleven kings of the Britons defeated without any loss, and first brought barbarian peoples across the Ocean into the dominion of the Roman people.

Boudicca’s Rebellion 60 A.D. She massacred 70,000 people in London, Verulamium and Colchester.

Archaeologists uncover the outlines of Roman shops at Caerwent Daily Mail July 2, Britains-shopping-centre-Roman-dig.html Coloniae, Municipia, Civitates Colonia – Colchester (Camulodunum) – Lincoln (Lindum) – Gloucester (Glevum) – York (Eboracum) – London? (Londinium) Municipium – St Albans (Verulamium) Civitas – Chichester (Noviomagus Reginorum) – Cirencester (Corinium) – Winchester (Venta Belgarum)

Plan of Corinium Dobunnorum

ARTIST’S CONCEPTION OF THEATRE AT VERULAMIUM theatre-discovered-garden-archaeological-school.html

Roman Theatre discovered in Kent Unique 2,000-year-old Roman theatre discovered in back garden of archaeological school.

Colchester Vase Samian Ware at Verulamium

Verulamium Town House

Verulamium Museum Oceanus Mosaic

Verulamium Museum, Lion and Stag Mosaic

Fishbourne Roman Palace, Sussex

Dolphin Mosaic, Fishbourne Roman Palace Although there is a layer of charcoal, it is associated with the iron works, and the main evidence for slighting of defences comes from the collapse of an entranceway to the fort. Although 14 bodies in the cemetery exhibited signs of a violent death, there is no evidence that they died at Maiden Castle. Bottom: a typical Iron Age British settlement. Iron Age of Britain: Late 7th c or 800 BC- 43 A.D

The Great Torc 75 BC.

The Torc in Iron Age Britain A torc is a type of ornament worn around the neck. Torcs, neck rings and metal collars were a common type of jewellery across Britain, Ireland and Continental Europe during the Iron Age. Torcs could be made of gold, silver, bronze or even iron. Those made of gold or silver indicated the relative importance of the wearer, the Iron Age equivalent of a modern king or queen's crown. The Roman writer Dio Cassius describes the British queen Boudica as wearing a gold necklace, perhaps a torc?