Learning Objectives ALL will apply knowledge to past exam questions MOST will apply knowledge to past exam questions and analyse their performance to focus revision SOME will apply knowledge to past exam questions and create targets based on their performance Do Now: write down one question which you think might come up for your unit 2 exam next week.

Starter Feedback on the questions we think might come up

Introduction Today we are looking at short answer questions for anxiety disorders What skills do you have that might be useful this lesson? What do you know that might be useful?

Main: Question Relay In pairs you are working on completing as many of the past paper questions as possible You should complete them and then bring them to Miss Earl to be checked for accuracy and re-do if necessary

1. Outline one of the biological explanations for obsessive- compulsive disorder. (3 marks)

AO1 – 1 mark for identification of biological explanation Up to 2 marks for elaboration of the explanation Likely answers for genetic, biochemical and physiological explanations: Genetic explanation: some people are genetically predisposed to develop the disorder. Support for the proposal from family studies which indicate that first degree relatives of OCD sufferers are more likely to also exhibit the disorder. Biochemical explanation: treatment with drugs which increase serotonin levels results in improvement suggesting that low levels of serotonin are a cause of OCD. Physiological explanation: basal ganglia is an area of the brain responsible for psychomotor functions, some researchers have suggested that OCD sufferers might have hypersensitivity of the basal ganglia which results in repetitive movements.

2. Briefly outline a cognitive explanation for obsessive- compulsive disorder. (2 marks)

[AO1 = 2] AO1 – Up to 2 marks for description of a cognitive explanation. Possible answers: A cognitive explanation suggests that people with OCD have a cognitive bias so they could have a poor memory for their actions/may be hypersensitive to environmental stimuli. Accept valid answers based on specific researchers such as Cromer’ neutralising hypothesis about OCD or Rachman’s 4-step sequence of catastrophic misinterpretations made by OCD sufferers.

3. Suggest one criticism of the cognitive explanation for obsessive-compulsive disorder. (2 marks)

[AO2 = 2] 1 mark for criticism, 1 for elaboration of criticism. Possible answer: The cognitive approach focuses on internal mental processes as an explanation and ignores other possible causes such as social/biological factors.

A researcher studied the effectiveness of treatments for phobias. He compared systematic desensitisation with flooding as treatments for a fear of feathers. Volunteers were treated with systematic desensitisation or flooding. They were then asked to rate their fear of feathers on a scale of 1–10, where 1 meant not at all fearful and 10 meant very fearful. 4. Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable in the above study. (2 marks)

Independent variable: whether the therapy/treatment was systematic desensitisation or flooding (the two therapies/treatments) type of treatment. Dependent variable: rating(s) of fear of feathers.

A researcher studied the effectiveness of treatments for phobias. He compared systematic desensitisation with flooding as treatments for a fear of feathers. Volunteers were treated with systematic desensitisation or flooding. They were then asked to rate their fear of feathers on a scale of 1–10, where 1 meant not at all fearful and 10 meant very fearful. 5. Name and outline the experimental design that the researcher used in this study. (2 marks)

The experimental design is independent groups/samples/measures. The participants only took part in one condition of the experiment – either systematic desensitisation or flooding.

6. Briefly describe one investigation into phobias. (3 marks)

[AO1= 3] AO1 Up to 3 marks for a description of a recognisable study; candidates may briefly describe three of the aim, method, results and/or conclusion or may focus on two sections for full credit. Likely studies include: Ohman (1975, 1996), Ehlers and Breuer (1992) Lang and Lazovik (1962), DiGallo et al (1997), Cook and Mineka (1990). Watson and Raynor (1920), also case studies may be described.

7.In the context of anxiety disorders, what is meant by an obsession and a compulsion (2 marks)

[AO1 = 1] One mark for an accurate description of obsessions – intrusive/persistent thoughts (1) [AO1 = 1] One mark for an accurate description of compulsions – ritual/repetitive behaviours/acts (1)

8. Outline a psychodynamic explanation for the development of a phobia. Briefly discuss one limitation of this explanation. (5 marks)

Up to 2 marks for an outline of psychodynamic theory for phobias. Likely points: A phobia arises due to conflict between the id, ego and superego (1), this conflict first occurs in early childhood – the anal and phallic stages (1), id impulses are repressed and the anxiety displaced by the ego onto another object (1). The phobic object symbolises an unconscious fear (1). The description could be via a case study such as Little Hans. Credit other valid points eg agoraphobia linked to separation anxiety in childhood. 1 mark for identifying an appropriate limitation of the theory: Likely limitations: It is very difficult to test the explanation; there is limited evidence to support the explanation, unscientific, based on case studies, alternative explanations eg classical conditioning.

Extension Station Write your own 2/3 mark question and a mark scheme to accompany it!

Plenary ALL will apply knowledge to past exam questions MOST will apply knowledge to past exam questions and analyse their performance to focus revision SOME will apply knowledge to past exam questions and create targets based on their performance Do Now: what target will you make for yourself for your revision this weekend – the final stretch!