Using knowledge of Earth and Changes to: –Locate and characterize geologic resources –Quantify material properties used for engineering –Investigating processes that transform Earth materials and our environment posing risks Dr. Jamie Martin-Hayden University of Toledo Department of Earth, Ecological and Environmental Sciences

Groundwater Flow Contaminated Water Well Leaking Gasoline Dissolved Gasoline Underground Storage Tank Water Table Vapor Aquifer of sedimentary rock Floating Gasoline Hydrogeologist studying groundwater resources and contamination (Environmental Geology) Special interest in the geology and hydrogeology of the Oak Openings Region Dr. Jamie Martin-Hayden Introduction

Why Study Geology? Because geology is all around us. 1. Geological Resources 2. “The Environment” 3. Geological Hazards (Changes posing risks) 4. Engineering 5. Landforms and Surface Processes 6. Historical Geology Geology forms the basis of our great civilizations Environmental Geology

The Cradle of Civilization Sprung from geology of the region Tigris River, Iraq

Why Study Geology? –The Cradle of Civilization (Fertile Crescent) –Development limited by availability, e.g., soil, water, energy –Conflicts based on resources, e.g., water, minerals, oil… 1. Geological Resources

Misuse of Resources These Maps illustrate the Fertile Crescent in 1973 (top) and 2000 (bottom). Permanent marshlands, pictured in green, have shrunk 90 percent in that period. Illustration courtesy United Nations Environment Program 2. The Environment

Misuse of Geologic Resources Desiccation of the Aral Sea, Kazakhstan 2. The Environment

Overuse of Geologic Resources 1.7 billion are joining the consumer class and the environment won’t sustain this standard of living (Worldwatch Institute 2004) Emissions of Greenhouse gasses is accelerating global warming Climate change is accelerating melting of glaciers and driving mass extinctions (The Centre of Biodiversity and Conservation, Leeds University, UK) 2. The Environment (Geology in the News)

Geology in the News Two die in 6.5 magnitude Earthquake near San Lois Obispo California Earthquake triggers mudslides 3. Geologic Hazards San Andreas Fault

Assessing Risk “Major Quake Likely to Strike San Francisco Bay Region Between 2003 and 2032” Assessing Risks Avoiding Risks Preventing Damage Predicting Impact 3. Geologic Hazards

Earthquake Bam, Iran A Magnitude 6.5 Earthquake hits a stone- and mud- house city of 100,000 in Iran –30,000 Dead –30,000 Refugees US sends aid and releases sanctions Relations improved Photos from AP

3. Geological Hazards Volcanoes Landslides Earthquakes

4. Geology in Engineering Slope Failure Risk Assessment and Control To prevent slope failure engineers must understand the geology that forms and controls the slope

Geology in Engineering Committee member John Burland, an engineer, promoted soil extraction as the best way to save the tower. In Pisa the tilted one is back in business after an 11-year effort to keep it from collapsing The Leaning Tower Straightens Up Engineers use knowledge of geology to design, protect and correct structures

5. Landforms and Surface Processes Glaciers Mass Wasting Streams Shorelines Deserts Groundwater H.C. Berann ( ) Yosemite National Park, 1987

Sub Disciplines Areas of Study Which Rely on Geology Environmental Geology –Environmental Sciences: how we influence the earth –Geologic Hazards: how geology influences us Engineering Geology –Geologic Materials –Foundations –Geotechnical engineering

Geological Resources –Locating and characterizing amounts and quality –Extracting and –Understanding environmental effects of extraction and use (misuse, overuse) of resources Historical Geology –Deciphering Earth History and –Evolution of life Sub Disciplines (cont.)