MAP OF CHINA Population: 1.3 billion; Territory: 9.6 million Km 2 Numbers of City: 663 Urbanisation 40%

Government Administrative System The State Council 28 Ministries or Commission 10 State Bureaus & 37 Institutions and Agents 28 Provincial Governments, or Autonomy Administrative Regions Governments Some Bureau under direct leadership by the Ministries, e.g., Bureau of State Tax, Industrial & Commercial Administrations 4 Metropolises under direct jurisdiction Municipal Governments at Prefecture level 16 Cities at Quasi- Provincial level Dept. of Different Functions Urban Districts Governments Counties Governments Governments of Small Cities or Towns under jurisdiction Bureaus of Different Functions Rural local Governments

Transition to Market Oriented Economy in China Devolution Marketisation Globalisation Associated with  Rapid economic development  Urbanisation

Devolution City becomes key player in the social and economic development, and the main competitor in the global economy; Separation of Ownership and Operation in the State Owned Enterprises; Devolution and separation of of fiscal and investment system

Revenues and Expenditure between Central and Local Governments

Marketisation Private Business takes 65% of total GDP. This ration will increase to 75% by 2010 In 2001, private business employed 22 million. The number of private business took 70% of total enterprises of whole country. In many cities, 76% of investment comes from private loans, only 24% from state commercial banks, e.g., Wenzhou.

Globalisation  Open Door policy since late 1970s  Incremental integration in the international economy  Involvement of FDI and its significance in the domestic economy

Major Co-urban Areas in China

Main Index of The Three Main Co-urban Area in 2000 Population ('000) Area (Km 2 ) GDP (100 million Yuan) GDP Per Capita (Yuan/pers on) FDI (100 million US Dollar) Beijing- Tianjin- Tanshan Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Percentage in Whole Nation

Co-urban Area with Shanghai as its Core in Yangtze River Delta

Urban Development Tendency in Pearl River Delta

Rapid Urbanisation and Industrialisation

Beijing, Capital of China Population:14.56 million Total area: 16,800 Km 2 18 million by ,000 persons/Km 2 in urban area;

Main Distributor Road Map and Ring Roads

A new of 7 million population from residents in 2 decades

Small town with informal business

Modern city but where it should go next?

Urbanisation Promoted by Industrialisation

Urbanisation with Township and Rural Industrialization

Problems and Challenges in China Poor capacity in technology innovation. Objective has been decided to have “Designed or Invented in China” instead of “Made in China” Critical conflict between environmental capacity and economic development, especially process of industrialisation. Great risk of unemployment. Unbalance regional development and polarisation

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