1a

 A confined space is:  Large enough to enter and perform work  Limited in the way of entry or exit  Not designed for continuous occupancy 1a

 Actual or potential hazardous atmosphere  Materials could engulf entrant  Internal shape could trap entrant  Contains other serious hazards 1b

 Before a Permit-Required-Confined-Space can be accessed, it is necessary to:  Conduct hazard evaluations  Post danger signs  Develop a permit space program 1c

 Entry into a Permit-Required-Confined-Space is not a one person job.  It requires a team of individuals who work together and have the knowledge and skills necessary to complete the job safely.  It requires the designation of qualified: ◦ Authorized entrants ◦ Attendant  It requires the availability of rescue equipment and trained rescue operators 2a

 A Permit-Required-Confined-Space can be re-classified into a Non-Permit-Confined- Space: ◦ Provided the space can be maintained in a safe condition for entry by mechanical ventilation alone. ◦ All confined spaces shall be considered Permit- Required-Confined-Spaces until a pre-entry checklist has been completed to demonstrate otherwise. 2a

 The Permit-Required-Confined-Space can be re-classified: ◦ If the permit space poses no actual or potential atmospheric hazards, ◦ And if all hazards within the space are eliminated without entry into the space ◦ Then, the Permit-Required-Space may be reclassified as a Non-Permit-Space. ◦ If it is necessary to enter the permit space to eliminate hazards, such entry shall be performed under a Permit-Required-Confined-Space procedure. 2a

 The following is CSP’s approach to dealing with confined space entries: ◦ CSP does not posses the infrastructure, technical or human to manage Permit-Required-Confined-Space Entries ◦ CSP applies a combination of procedures described above to re-classify the confined space to a Non- Permit-Confined-Space 2a

 CSP has several spaces that require entry permit.  A re-classification procedure must be followed before the following spaces spaces can be entered: ◦ All storage tanks ◦ The main pit ◦ The cooling tower basins ◦ The outdoors hypo and acid secondary containment pits ◦ The sludge pit under the brine filter

 Monitor entrants from outside the space  Know the hazards that could be faced  Understand behavioral effects of exposure  Maintain an accurate count of entrants  Communicate with entrants as necessary  Monitor activities inside and outside space  Know how to summon rescue services  Protect the permit space  Perform non-entry rescues 2b

 Permit is posted prior to entry  Entry supervisor can cancel permit  Entry supervisor can terminate entry 4c

 Availability of certification and documentation  Pre-entry observations  Periodic air monitoring observations 5c

Permit space: ◦ Does not pose any atmospheric hazards ◦ All hazards are eliminated without entry ◦ Entry supervisor evaluates conditions ◦ Attendant obtains entry permit ◦ Attendant ensures information is complete ◦ Attendant ensures permit is signed 6a

Employer certification must contain: ◦ Date ◦ Location of the space ◦ Signature of person reclassifying space 6b

 Oxygen deficiency ◦ Minimum safe level is 19.5 percent ◦ Maximum safe level is 23.5 percent ◦ Gases displace oxygen ◦ Chemical reactions consume oxygen 7c

 Combustibility ◦ Flammable and combustible gases or vapors are present ◦ Hazardous atmospheres contain more than 10 percent of lower flammable limit 7d

 Toxicity ◦ Occurs from previously stored material ◦ Result from coatings, cleaning solvents, or preservatives ◦ Detection is difficult 7e

 Engulfment ◦ Water or other liquids ◦ Grain ◦ Sand ◦ Sawdust ◦ Powders 7f

Understanding the behaviors people may exhibit while working in a permit-required confined space is critical. 8a

Asphyxiation: ◦ Mild changes ◦ Collapse 8b

Too much oxygen: ◦ Coughing ◦ Fainting ◦ Rapid breathing 8c

Fatigue: ◦ Tiredness ◦ Weakness ◦ Irritability ◦ Indecisive ◦ Uncommunicative ◦ Unable to recall details 8d

Attendants must: ◦ Maintain accurate count of entrants ◦ Use roster or other tracking system ◦ Accurately identify entrants 9a

Attendants must: ◦ Monitor activities inside and outside space ◦ Remain outside space during entry ◦ Be trained and equipped for rescues and relieved by another attendant before entering space (Permited- Required-Confined-Space) 10a

Attendants must: ◦ Communicate with entrants ◦ Alert entrant of evacuation 11a

Conditions for immediate evacuation: ◦ Prohibited condition emerges ◦ Behavioral effects are detected ◦ Situation arises outside space ◦ Duties cannot be performed safely ◦ Evacuation alarm is activated 11b