1. Definition A confined space is: Large enough to enter and perform work
Limited in the way of entry or exit
Not designed for continuous occupancy 1a

2. Definition of a Permit-Required-Confined-Space
Actual or potential hazardous atmosphere
Materials could engulf entrant
Internal shape could trap entrant
Contains other serious hazards 1b

3. Practices and procedures
Before a Permit-Required-Confined-Space can be accessed, it is necessary to:
Conduct hazard evaluations
Post danger signs
Develop a permit space program 1c

4. Practices and Procedures
Entry into a Permit-Required-Confined-Space is not a one person job.
It requires a team of individuals who work together and have the knowledge and skills necessary to complete the job safely.
It requires the designation of qualified:
Authorized entrants
Attendant
It requires the availability of rescue equipment and trained rescue operators 2a

5. Practices and Procedures
A Permit-Required-Confined-Space can be re-classified into a Non-Permit-Confined- Space:
Provided the space can be maintained in a safe condition for entry by mechanical ventilation alone.
All confined spaces shall be considered Permit- Required-Confined-Spaces until a pre-entry checklist has been completed to demonstrate otherwise. 2a

6. Practices and Procedures
The Permit-Required-Confined-Space can be re-classified:
If the permit space poses no actual or potential atmospheric hazards,
And if all hazards within the space are eliminated without entry into the space
Then, the Permit-Required-Space may be reclassified as a Non-Permit-Space.
If it is necessary to enter the permit space to eliminate hazards, such entry shall be performed under a Permit-Required-Confined-Space procedure. 2a

7. Practices and Procedures
The following is CSP’s approach to dealing with confined space entries:
CSP does not posses the infrastructure, technical, or trained people to manage Permit-Required-Confined- Space Entries
CSP applies a combination of procedures described above to re-classify the confined space to a Non- Permit-Confined-Space 2a

8. Practices and Procedures
CSP has several spaces that require entry permit.
A re-classification procedure must be followed before the following spaces spaces can be entered:
All storage tanks
The main pit
The cooling tower basins
The outdoors hypo and acid secondary containment pits
The sludge pit under the brine filter

9. Role of an attendant Monitor entrants from outside the space
Know the hazards that could be faced
Understand behavioral effects of exposure
Maintain an accurate count of entrants
Communicate with entrants as necessary
Monitor activities inside and outside space
Know how to summon rescue services
Protect the permit space
Perform non-entry rescues
Do not allow unauthorized workers to enter 2b

10. Permit system Permit is posted prior to entry
Entry attendant can cancel permit
Entry attendant can terminate entry 4c

11. Entry requirements Availability of certification and documentation
Pre-entry observations
Periodic air monitoring observations 5c

12. Permit space reclassification
Does not pose any atmospheric hazards
All hazards are eliminated without entry
Entry supervisor evaluates conditions
Attendant obtains entry permit
Attendant ensures information is complete
Attendant ensures permit is signed 6a

13. Permit space reclassification
The Permit must contain:
Date
Location of the space
Signature of person reclassifying space
Names of entrants
Names of attendants
Name of supervisor
Signature of supervisor 6b

14. Risks of Confined Spaces
Oxygen deficiency
Minimum safe level is 19.5 percent
Maximum safe level is 23.5 percent
Gases displace oxygen
Chemical reactions consume oxygen 7c

15. Risks of Confined Spaces
Combustibility
Flammable and combustible gases or vapors are present
Hazardous atmospheres contain more than 10 percent of lower flammable limit
Toxicity
Occurs from previously stored material
Result from coatings, cleaning solvents, or preservatives
Detection is difficult 7d

16. Risks of Confined Spaces
Engulfment
Water or other liquids
Grain
Sand
Sawdust
Powders 7f

17. Behavioral effects in Confined Spaces
Understanding the behaviors people may exhibit while working in a permit-required confined space is critical. 8a

18. Behavioral effects in Confined Spaces
Asphyxiation:
Mild changes
Collapse
Too much oxygen:
Coughing
Fainting
Rapid breathing 8b

19. Behavioral effects in Confined Spaces
Fatigue:
Tiredness
Weakness
Irritability
Indecisive
Uncommunicative
Unable to recall details
Effects that may exacerbate behavioral issues
Heat
Noise
Maintaining a cramped position 8d

20. Attendant responsibilities
Attendants must:
Maintain accurate count of entrants
Use roster or other tracking system
Visually identify entrants
Monitor activities inside and outside space
Remain outside space during entry
Be trained and equipped for rescues and relieved by another attendant before entering space (Permitted-Required-Confined-Space)
Communicate with entrants
Alert entrant of evacuation 9a

21. Attendant responsibilities
Conditions for immediate evacuation:
Conditions of confined space become hazardous
Behavioral effects are detected
Conditions of outside confined space become hazardous
Duties cannot be performed safely
Evacuation alarm is activated
Signs of cave in
11b