“Atlantic to Pacific” 1783 – 1853 not in book pgs. 221 – – Western Trails Map –Pg. 283

NATIONAL EXPANSIONISM TEST Advance to the Mississippi (1783) Manifest Destiny Western Trail Blazers Oregon Explorers / Settlers Texas Independence and Annexation The War Against Mexico Westward Expansion / Settlement

“Manifest Destiny” First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845  First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in  ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

1821 Mexican REVOLUTION

EXPANSIONISM Westward Expansion –Early Explorers Trappers Mountain Men –Westward Migration Early Settlers –Texas Independence Oregon Territory Conestoga Wagon Trains Mormon Settlement –Gold Discoveries –Mail routes/Pony Express –Transcontinental Railroad

EXPANSIONISM Westward Expansion –Early Explorers Lewis & Clark Zeb Pike – Trappers Hudson Bay Co. American Fur Co. Rocky Mt. Fur Co. –Mountain Men Jed Smith Josiah Walker –Surveyors/Scouts John C. Fremont Western Trails ’s

Oregon Trail

The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869

Oregon Country - Russia, Spain, Britain and United States Columbia River – John Gray (early) Lewis & Clark - Sacajawea 1818 – 49 th Border Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) boundary, Spain 1824 Russia surrenders claim below Alaska

Mountain Men - fur traders, trappers, missionaries into Oregon Whitman Mission settlement –Later Measles will spread Overland Trails - Oregon Trail (4-6mth) -mountain passes – 2,000 miles 1841 Fremont Charting Expedition map printed & followed by thousands of settlers Prairie Schooners

 Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.

Trails Westward

The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight! By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land.  By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land. The joint British - U. S. occupation ended in1846.  The joint British - U. S. occupation ended in1846.

MANIFEST DESTINY –Early history develops John Q. Adams –“expansion to the pacific a law of nature” 1840 – NY newspaper- John O’Sullivan MANIFEST DESTINY NATIONAL MISSION Fifty-Four Forty or Fight 1846 settle at 49’ Settles Oregon Issue

April, 1846 – April, 1847

The Doomed Donner Party James Reed & Wife Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen  Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California! CANNIBALISM ! ! CANNIBALISM ! !

NATIONAL EXPANSIONISM TEST Advance to the Mississippi Manifest Destiny Western Trail Blazers Oregon Explorers / Settlers Texas Independence and Annexation The War Against Mexico Westward Expansion / Settlement

Spain’s N. American Empire Spains’s Control in Southwest weakens (Comanche & Apache Treaty) California (fear of Russia/England) Missions & Presidios (forts) Indian population declines while (Mexican population Increases) = mexican independence

Mexican Independence (1821) 2 Mexico’s -Rancheros want trade -encouraged trade with United States Newer MexicoNewer Mexico – more independent, separate – wants Trade with the U. S. Santa Fe Trail connects Santa Fe Area of New (Upper) Mexico with Missouri) New Mexico, Utah, California, Texas had closer ties to U.S. than with “Old”Mexico New Old