Introduction Computer Organization and Architecture: Lesson 1

ORGANIZATION VS. ARCHITECTURE Computer OrganizationComputer Architecture Physical aspects of a computer system Study on how various circuits and components fit together to create a working computer Logical Aspects of a computer system Focuses on the structure and behavior of a computer system

MAIN COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM Processor Interpret and execute programs Memory Store both data and programs I/O Mechanism Transfer data to and from outside world Principle of Equivalence of Hardware and Software: Anything that can be done with software can also be done with hardware, and anything that can be done with hardware can also be done with software.

Example Computer System  Pentium III 667 MHz  133 MHz 64MB SDRAM  32KB L1 cache, 256 KB L2 cache  30GB EIDE hard drive (7200 RPM)  48x max variable CD- ROM  2 USB ports, 1 serial port, 1 parallel port  19 “ monitor, 24mm AG, 1280x1024 at 85 GHz  Intel 3D AGP Graphics Card  56K PCI Voice Modem  64-bit PCI soundcard

A Look Inside the Computer:

STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS Computer Manufacturers have agreed to comply with connectivity and operational specifications established by a number of government and industry organizations. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) International Telecommunications Union (ITU) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) International Organization on Standardization (ISO)

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Generation Zero: Mechanical Calculating Machines Generation One: Vacuum Tube Computers Generation Two: Transistorized Computes Generation Three: Integrated Circuit Computers Generation Four: VLSI Computers

MOORE’S LAW “The density of transistors in an integrated circuit will double every year.” -Gordon Moore

THE COMPUTER LEVEL HIERARCHY User High-Level Language Assembly Language System Software Machine Control Digital Logic

THE VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE

THE MODIFIED VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE