Key Concepts  Types of hazards people face  Methods of toxicology  Types and measurement of chemical hazards  Types and effects of biological hazards  Risk estimation, management, and reduction

Risk and Probability  Risk possibility of harm  Risk possibility of harm  Probability Risk = Exposure X Harm  Probability Risk = Exposure X Harm  Risk Assessment  Risk Management Fig p. 229

Hazards  Cultural hazards work conditions, diet, drugs (legal and illegal), poverty, unsafe sex, crime  Cultural hazards work conditions, diet, drugs (legal and illegal), poverty, unsafe sex, crime  Chemical hazards chemical exposure by water, air, soil, and food Avg. person contains 500 synthetic org. chem.  Chemical hazards chemical exposure by water, air, soil, and food Avg. person contains 500 synthetic org. chem.  Physical hazards natural disaster and radiation  Physical hazards natural disaster and radiation  Biological hazards pathogens and allergens  Biological hazards pathogens and allergens Fig p. 228

Toxicology  Toxicity measures harmfulness of chemical  Toxicity measures harmfulness of chemical  Dosage length of time exposed number of times exposed age of exposed body system strength genetic makeup  Solubility water soluble – inorganic and move into water supply fat soluble – store in tissue  Persistence time of effect on systems  Dosage length of time exposed number of times exposed age of exposed body system strength genetic makeup  Solubility water soluble – inorganic and move into water supply fat soluble – store in tissue  Persistence time of effect on systems Fig p. 230

Toxicology  Bioaccumulation Absorb and store  Bioaccumulation Absorb and store  Biomagnification pass through food chain  Biomagnification pass through food chain Fig p. 231  Antagonistic Reduce response (mineral/vitamins)  Synergism multiplies response  Antagonistic Reduce response (mineral/vitamins)  Synergism multiplies response  Acute effect rapid reaction  Acute effect rapid reaction  Chronic effect slow, permanent reaction  Chronic effect slow, permanent reaction

Poisons  Poison is a chemical that has an LD 50 of 50 mg or less per kg of body weight  Poison is a chemical that has an LD 50 of 50 mg or less per kg of body weight  LD 50 lethal dose of chemical per kg of body weight  LD 50 lethal dose of chemical per kg of body weight  Median lethal dose the amount of a chemical to kill 50% of a test population in one dose  Median lethal dose the amount of a chemical to kill 50% of a test population in one dose See Table 11-1 p. 232 Fig p. 231

Dose-Response Curves Fig p. 233

Chemical Hazards  Hazardous chemicals flammable or explosive, irritate or damaging, interfere with oxygen transfer, allergen  Hazardous chemicals flammable or explosive, irritate or damaging, interfere with oxygen transfer, allergen  Mutagens Change in DNA that can be passed to offspring caused by ionizing radiation  Mutagens Change in DNA that can be passed to offspring caused by ionizing radiation  Teratogens cause defects in embryo during pregnancy  Teratogens cause defects in embryo during pregnancy  Carcinogens growth of malignant tumor (cancer)  Carcinogens growth of malignant tumor (cancer)  Neurotoxins chemical attacks the nerve cells  Neurotoxins chemical attacks the nerve cells  Hormonally active agents mimic and disturbs the effects of natural hormones  Hormonally active agents mimic and disturbs the effects of natural hormones  Precautionary principle

Biological Hazards: Diseases See Case Study p. 241 Fig p. 243  Transmissible disease

Biological Hazards: Diseases  Nontransmissible disease cardiovascular cancer diabetes asthma emphysema malnutrition  Genetic  Environmentally Influenced  Nontransmissible disease cardiovascular cancer diabetes asthma emphysema malnutrition  Genetic  Environmentally Influenced

Risk Analysis Fig p. 247

Comparative Risk Analysis