Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint® Lectures Lectures by Greg Podgorski, Utah State University Protecting More Than Animals Current Issues in Biology, Volume 4 Scientific American

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept Review Protecting More Than Animals Adequate safety information is available on only a fraction of chemicals manufactured in the U.S. and Europe. Every year, thousands of new chemicals are introduced. Animals are required for chemical safety testing. Scientists are seeking ways to reduce the numbers and suffering of animals in safety testing.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept Review Protecting More Than Animals One example of how animal suffering may be reduced is illustrated by the redesign of methods for the Screening Information Data Set. By modifying procedures so researchers can extract multiple results from the same test, the number of animals needed to test each compound could drop by 80%.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept Review Protecting More Than Animals Animal testing is expensive, time-consuming, and complicated. Because animal testing by and large has done a good job protecting the public, regulatory agencies are hesitant to change procedures rapidly. Reduction, refinement, and replacement are the “three Rs” of animal welfare in product testing.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept Review Protecting More Than Animals Reduction means designing experiments to obtain adequate information using the smallest possible number of animals. An example of reduction is limiting the number of animals needed to establish acute chemical toxicity. Prior to 1989, this test, which measures the amount of a chemical required to kill half of a group of animals, demanded as many as 140 animals; today it requires 16 with a possibility for still further reduction.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept Review Protecting More Than Animals Refinement involves the development of improved techniques to measure a chemical’s biological effects while minimizing animal suffering. New imaging procedures, terminating studies when animals first show signs of stress, and the use of species like zebra fish and worms are examples of refinement.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept Review Protecting More Than Animals Replacement means entirely eliminating the use of whole animals in testing. Most existing replacement alternatives owe their existence to the drive for cheaper, faster, and more efficient technologies rather than a quest for humane treatment. Some examples of current replacement approaches are the use of blood cells to test for pyrogens (fever- inducing substances) and the use of cultured human corneal cells to replace testing of irritants using rabbit eyes (the Draize test).

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept Review Protecting More Than Animals Testing using cell and tissue cultures offers something more than animal replacement; researchers can sometimes explore the mechanisms of a chemical’s biological action in ways impossible in whole animal testing. Computer models that completely replace biological testing are the ultimate replacement solution. Although the potential of such models is an area of active research, the exclusive use of computer models for chemical testing remains a hope for the future.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept Review Protecting More Than Animals The discovery of testing alternatives is hampered by limited funding. The effectiveness of any new alternative must be rigorously proven before regulatory agencies accept it. A set of principles drafted in 1996 guides the approval of testing alternatives in Europe and the U.S. The development of alternatives to current animal testing has the potential to reduce animal suffering, save billions of dollars, cut years off testing schedules, and provide more useful chemical safety data.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protecting More Than Animals Testing Your Comprehension Regulatory agencies are hesitant to rapidly change animal testing procedures because a) they have no interest in minimizing animal suffering b) of pressure from industry to continue current procedures c) of the expense of tests run using modern methods d) current procedures have largely protected the public

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protecting More Than Animals Testing Your Comprehension Regulatory agencies are hesitant to rapidly change animal testing procedures because d) current procedures have largely protected the public

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protecting More Than Animals Testing Your Comprehension Assessing the amount of a chemical that kills 50% of animals in a study group is a test of a) pyrogen activity b) accute chemical toxicity c) irritant potential d) fetal toxicity

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protecting More Than Animals Testing Your Comprehension Assessing the amount of a chemical that kills 50% of animals in a study group is a test of b) accute chemical toxicity

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protecting More Than Animals Testing Your Comprehension The termination of testing at the first sign of animal suffering is an example of as an approach to reducing animal suffering in product testing. a) reduction b) refinement c) replacement

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protecting More Than Animals Testing Your Comprehension The termination of testing at the first sign of animal suffering is an example of as an approach to reducing animal suffering in product testing. b) refinement

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protecting More Than Animals Testing Your Comprehension The use of computer models to replace animal testing a) is the way most chemical testing is done today b) can never be done c) is opposed by industry d) is a method that holds promise for the future

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protecting More Than Animals Testing Your Comprehension The use of computer models to replace animal testing d) is a method that holds promise for the future

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protecting More Than Animals Biology and Society The U.S. should follow the European Union’s lead in imposing a complete ban on animal testing of cosmetic ingredients. Strongly Agree Strongly Disagree A. E. C. B. D.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protecting More Than Animals Thinking About Science A false positive result in chemical testing occurs when a chemical appears toxic in a test but is not toxic to people when used as intended. A false negative result occurs when a chemical appears non-toxic in a test but is in fact harmful to people. Assuming that no test is perfect, what is preferred in order to guard public health? a) A test with some false positives and some false negatives b) A test with some false negatives and no false positives c) A test with some false positives and no false negatives

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protecting More Than Animals Thinking About Science A false positive result in chemical testing occurs when a chemical appears toxic in a test but is not toxic to people when used as intended. A false negative result occurs when a chemical appears non-toxic in a test but is in fact harmful to people. Assuming that no test is perfect, what is preferred in order to guard public health? c) A test with some false positives and no false negatives

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protecting More Than Animals Interpreting Data and Graphs The chart shows animal test data from the European Commission. If all forms of animal testing for cosmetic ingredients were banned, how much would this reduce the overall use of animals in product testing? a) About 1% b) About 5% c) About 15% d) About 50%

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protecting More Than Animals Interpreting Data and Graphs The chart shows animal test data from the European Commission. If all forms of animal testing for cosmetic ingredients were banned, how much would this reduce the overall use of animals in product testing? a) About 1%

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protecting More Than Animals Interpreting Data and Graphs The program for Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals will evaluate the safety of 30,000 chemicals over a 40-year period. This program will cost $11.5 billion and involve roughly 13 million animals. On average, how many animals are required for each chemical tested? a) 30 b) 115 c) 433 d) 1,300

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protecting More Than Animals Interpreting Data and Graphs The program for Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals will evaluate the safety of 30,000 chemicals over a 40 year period. This program will cost $11.5 billion and involve roughly 13 million animals. On average, how many animals are required for each chemical tested? c) 433