Diverse Students of Today Chapter 10 EDCI 201 Contexts of Education 1

Culture, Ethnicity, and Race Culture: the way of life common to a group of people. It includes the values, attitudes, and beliefs that influence their traditions and behavior. -Cultural Identity: An individual belongs to: a) the national macroculture; and b) a subculture with its customs and beliefs—the subculture determines one’s cultural identity. Ethnicity refers to a shared sense of peoplehood, culture, identity, and shared language and dialects. Race: a subjective concept that is used to distinguish among human beings on the basis of biological traits. 2

Stereotyping Stereotyping is the process of attributing behavioral characteristics to all members of a group. Stereotypes are formed on the basis of limited experiences with and information about the group being stereotyped and the validity of these stereotypes is not questioned. 3

Individual Vs. Institutional Racism Individual racism: the prejudicial belief that one’s ethnic or racial group is superior to others. Institutional racism occurs when institutions behave in ways that are overtly racist or inherently racist—policies that are not directly excluding people of color, nevertheless result in exclusion of them. 4

Brown Vs. Board of Education (1954) The parents of Linda Brown filed suit when she was denied to attend a White school. The Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools are “inherently unequal” and violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. U. S. citizens, Chief Justice Earl Warren emphasized, have a right to receive an equal opportunity for education. Landmark case  Desegregation in U. S. schools 5

Resegregation of the U. S. Latinos attend the most severely segregated schools Since the late 1980s, schools in the South have been resegregating. As African Americans and Latinos move to the suburbs, they are attending segregated schools, especially in urban areas. States with a high proportion of African American students made progress toward desegregation in the 1970s, yet resegregation increased between 1980 and

Bilingual Education 1974 Landmark case, Lau Vs. Nichols Court ruled that federally funded schools must “rectify the language deficiency” of students who “are certain to find their classroom experiences wholly incomprehensible.” Congress adopted the Equal Educational Opportunity Act (EEOA) in EEOA declared, a school district must “take appropriate action to overcome language barriers that impede equal participation by its students in its instructional programs.” 7

Multiculturalism: is committed to the goal of providing all students regardless of socioeconomic status; gender, sexual orientation; or ethnic, racial, or cultural backgrounds—with equal opportunities to learn in school. *Multicultural education is a way of viewing reality and a way of thinking, and not just content about various ethnic, racial, and cultural groups (Banks, 2006) 8

Multicultural Education (ME) Five Dimensions of ME (Banks, 2008) 1.Content Integration; 2.The Knowledge Construction Process; 3.An Equity Pedagogy; 4.Prejudice Reduction; and 5.An Empowering School Culture and Social Structure 9

Essential Knowledge and Skills for Teaching in Diverse Society Ability to communicate with diverse students; Assessment skills for diverse students; Increased openness to examine one’s own and others’ cultural assumptions, beliefs, and values; Multicultural sensitivity; Appreciation for differences among the value systems of diverse ethnic racial and class subcultures 10

Gender and Education: Women’s Educational Equity Act of (WEEA) 1974 The right of females to equal educational opportunity Expanded math, science, and technology programs for females; Programs to reduce sex role stereotyping in curriculum materials Programs to increase the number of female educational administrators Special programs to extend educational career opportunities to minority, disabled and rural women Programs to help school personnel increase educational opportunities and career aspirations for females Encouragement for more females to participate in athletics 11