November SSI Small Scale Integration Up to 12 equivalent gate circuits on a single chip Includes basic gates and flip-flops

November MSI Medium Scale Integration equivalent gates on a single chip Includes logic functions such as encoders, decoders, counters, registers, multiplexers, arithmetic circuits, small memories and others

November LSI Large Scale Integration 100-9,999 equivalent gates on a single chip Includes memories

November VLSI Very Large Scale Integration 10,000-99,999 equivalent gates on a single chip Includes small processors (6802)

November ULSI Ultra Large Scale Integration 100,000 or more equivalent gates on a single chip Includes larger memories, and larger single chip microcontrollers and computers

November Microcontrollers – big business A chip manufacturer will typically sell ten times the number of microcontrollers to single microprocessors Industry needs experienced people

November Commercial applications Chrysler transmission and engine control modules Ford digital instrument clusters Canon automatic cameras AT&T mobile cellular phones StairMaster’s physical exercise machine Remote TV controllers Transmitters for radio controlled models

November Motorola 68HC11 Microcontroller Developed in 1985 and upwardly compatible with 6800 type processors Contains built-in memory and interface circuits for embedded control applications Several versions are available e.g. MC68HC11A8, 8K ROM, 512 EEPROM, 256 RAM MC68HC11F1, 64K Ext. Addr. Bus, 512 EEPROM

November The MC68HC11A8

November Peripheral functions include… 8-channel A/D converter with 8 bits resolution Asynchronous Serial Communications Interface (SCI) 16-bit free-running timer system Self-monitoring circuitry to protect against system errors 2 software controlled power saving modes

Review

Number Systems Decimal Binary Hex

Machine Code OP codes Operands Arithmetic/Logical Instructions Branch instruction Addressing Modes

Assembly Language Assembler Object Code Simulators

CPU Internals Registers ALU Control Unit Buses

I/O Memory mapped Interrupts Block I/O

ICs and Gates etc What are the connections to a CPU? What are the connections to a memory chip? What is a decoder for? What is a truth table? De Morgan’s Theorem

Exams Fill out your name and student number Read the question. Read it again Leave margins blank Explain if you have split a question throughout the booklet. Put the number of each question answered on the front