Keeps: Engineering or Architecture Conisborough Castle, England (Yorkshire), ca. 1180

Motte-and-bailey castle (Pleshey, England) Castle with stone keep (Conisborough) Concentric w/o keep (Beaumaris) Review of castle types

Ambleny donjon (Aisne), France, Tower of London, Loches Castle Loches, France, 1030s Romanesque churchesStalley: Why don’t keeps belong in the architectural history major league?

Motte-and-bailey castle at Pleshey, England Castle with stone keep (Conisborough) Concentric w/o keep (Beaumaris) Liddiard: Is it possible that the design of medieval castles was determined more by the dictates of architectural style and status than military utility?

Bodiam Castle, in East Sussex, England, 1385, owned by Sir Edward Dalyngrigge “Battle for Bodiam”: Last military castle or early castellated manor house?

Bodiam Castle How much of the architecture of earlier castles can also be attributed to motives of status? BeaumarisPlesheyConisborough

9 th centuryCastles originate in France sometime in the last decades of the Carolingian Empire (“an architecture of chaos”) 10 th centuryNormans develop the motte-and-bailey castle type in France. 11 th century - Normans (from Normandy in France) bring the castle in motte-and-bailey form to England when they invade in 1066, along with the social system called feudalism. Norman noblemen fight among themselves and started building private castles in stone. The approach is piecemeal without an overall design in mind. 12 th century:Royal authority grows and siege engines improve in an evolutionary struggle between attacker and defender, making it prohibitively expensive for most private barons build castles. 12 th – 13 th century: Greater elaboration in defenses of castles for royal patrons (water, multiple rings of walls) counters advances in attack machinery. Apogee in military castle building reached in the late 13 th century with Edward I’s castles in North Wales (Conway, Beaumaris). 14 th – 15 th century: Warfare is driven by battles rather than sieges (Wars of the Roses), andcannon fire made castles more and more obsolete. Castles still tried to deter more aggressive forms of local violence. Fortified residence begins to give way to the country manor with decorative crenellations for independent aristocrats with nostalgia for chivalry. 16 th century: Henry VIII builds a chain of artillery forts across the kingdom, making medieval fortifications obsolete. 9 th centuryCastles originate in France sometime in the last decades of the Carolingian Empire (“an architecture of chaos”) 10 th centuryNormans develop the motte-and-bailey castle type in France. 11 th century - Normans (from Normandy in France) bring the castle in motte-and-bailey form to England when they invade in 1066, along with the social system called feudalism. Norman noblemen fight among themselves and started building private castles in stone. The approach is piecemeal without an overall design in mind. 12 th century:Royal authority grows and siege engines improve in an evolutionary struggle between attacker and defender, making it prohibitively expensive for most private barons build castles. 12 th – 13 th century: Greater elaboration in defenses of castles for royal patrons (water, multiple rings of walls) counters advances in attack machinery. Apogee in military castle building reached in the late 13 th century with Edward I’s castles in North Wales (Conway, Beaumaris). 14 th – 15 th century: Warfare is driven by battles rather than sieges (Wars of the Roses), andcannon fire made castles more and more obsolete. Castles still tried to deter more aggressive forms of local violence. Fortified residence begins to give way to the country manor with decorative crenellations for independent aristocrats with nostalgia for chivalry. 16 th century: Henry VIII builds a chain of artillery forts across the kingdom, making medieval fortifications obsolete. What chapters in the traditional history of the castle might be revised?

Bodiam Castle Norman Conquest of England Beaumaris PlesheyConisborough 1066 William the Conqueror ( ) Anglo-Norman castlesAnglo-Saxon burhs King Edward I (r )

Leeds Castle, England (Kent), founded in 1119, building dates to 1278 (Edward I)

Ravensworth Castle, England (Yorkshire), renovations end of 14 th century

Devizes Castle, England (Wiltshire), , built by Bishop Roger of Salisbury 2.

Devizes 19 th -century Neo-Anglo-Norman Castle

Launceston Castle, England (Cornwall), motte-and-bailey (1067), circular keep (13 th cen.) Founder, Robert Count of Mortain half brother of William the Conqueror 12 th – 13 th centuries: residence of the Earls of Cornwall

Dovecote on grounds of Dunster Castle, England (Somerset), possibly 14 th century 4.4.

15 Dover Castle, England, , outer curtain walls early 13 th cen. 5.5.

Berkhamsted Castle, England (Hertforshire), motte (1066), stone curtain wall 12 th cen. Founded by William the Conqueror in 1066

Berkhamsted Castle, England (Hertforshire), motte (1066), stone curtain wall 12 th cen.

Clare Castle, England (Suffolk), motte (1070), stone shell keep (12 th -13 th cen.) Founder: Robert Fitz Gilbert, first of de Clare family

Raglan Castle, England (Wales: Monmouthshire), founded 12 th cen., remains date to 15 th cen.

Framlingham Castle, England (Suffolk), late 12 th or early 13 th century

Views from Framlingham Castle Royal foundation of Henry I given to Roger Bigod, 1 st Earl of Norfolk

Architecture of English keeps as residences Castle Rising (Norfolk), England, ca. 1140

Architecture of keeps as residences Castle Rising, ca Timber halls Saxon royal hall at Cheddar, England, ca Halls and Great Hall of the Saxon royal court at Yeavering, England, 7 th - 9 th cen. Stone keepsStacking timber halls

Castles and keeps in England Castle Rising

Castle Hedingham, England (Essex), ca Founded by the first Earl of Oxford, Aubrey de Vere III ( )

Great Hall of Castle Hedingham

Tower of London (White Tower), , founded by William the Conqueror

Tower of London (White Tower),

St. John’s Chapel in the Tower of London (Romanesque),

Elaboration of 12 th -century French and English keeps

Ambleny donjon (Aisne), France,

Étampes donjon (Île-de-France), France, 1130s