© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Instructor name Class Title, Term/Semester, Year Institution Introductory Psychology Concepts Language

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Language 2 Language: the ability to communicate with individuals of your culture.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Language 3 Stages of language development: cooing, babbling, one-word speech and telegraphic speech. Age 1-3 months Speech Characteristics Infant can distinguish speech from nonspeech sounds and prefers speech sounds (phonemes). Undifferentiated crying gives way to cooing when happy. Course of Normal Language Development in Children

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Language 4 Stages of language development: cooing, babbling, one-word speech and telegraphic speech. Age 4-6 months Speech Characteristics Babbling sounds begin to occur. These contain sounds from virtually every language. Child vocalizes in response to verbalizations of others. Course of Normal Language Development in Children

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Language 5 Stages of language development: cooing, babbling, one-word speech and telegraphic speech. Age 7-11 months Speech Characteristics Babbling sounds narrow to include only the phonemes heard in the language spoken by others in the environment. Child discriminates between some words without understanding their meaning and begins to imitate word sounds heard from others. Course of Normal Language Development in Children

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Language 6 Stages of language development: cooing, babbling, one-word speech and telegraphic speech. Age 12 months Speech Characteristics First recognizable words typically spoken as one-word utterances to name familiar people and objects. Course of Normal Language Development in Children

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Language 7 Stages of language development: cooing, babbling, one-word speech and telegraphic speech. Age months Speech Characteristics Child increases knowledge of word meanings and begins to use single words to express whole phrases or requests. Course of Normal Language Development in Children

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Language 8 Stages of language development: cooing, babbling, one-word speech and telegraphic speech. Age months Speech Characteristics Vocabulary expands to between 50 and 100 words. First rudimentary sentences appear, usually consisting of two words with little or no use of articles (the, a). This condensed, or telegraphic speech is characteristic of first sentences throughout the world. Course of Normal Language Development in Children

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Language 9 Learning language: the role of reinforcement and imitation. The learning-theory approach suggests that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning. A child who says “mama” receives hugs and praise from her mother, which reinforces the behavior of saying “mama” and makes its repetition more likely.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Language 10 Learning language: the role of reinforcement and imitation. The more words parents say to their children before the age of 3, the larger the children’s vocabulary. (Source: Courtesy of Drs. Betty Hart and Todd Risley, 1977.)

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Language 11 Wernicke’s area: The understanding of speech Wernicke’s area, in the temporal lobe, is primarily involved in speech comprehension. Damage to this cortical region leaves patients unable to understand written or spoken speech.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Language 12 Broca’s area: Speech formation Broca’s area, in the frontal lobe, is mainly involved in the production of speech through its connections with the motor cortex region that controls the muscles used in speech. Damage to this area leaves patients with the ability to comprehend speech, but not to express themselves in words or sentences.