1 Principles and Applications of Inorganic, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Denniston, Topping, and Caret 4 th ed Chapter 14 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Power Point to Accompany

2 Carbonyl Compounds Contain the carbonyl group, C=O Short forms Aldehydes: R may be hydrogen usually a carbon containing group Ketones: R contains carbon

Structure and Physical Properties The carbonyl group is polar. The oxygen end is negative. Hydrogen bond Carbonyls of less than six carbons are at least partly water soluble. They can H bond to water.

4 Boiling Points Carbonyl compounds boil between alkanes and alcohols of similar molecular weight. butane, bp -43 o propanal, bp 50 o propanone, bp 56 o propanol, bp 97 o

Nomenclature Aldehydes Common: H 2 C=O formaldehyde (a gas) Used to make insulation and plastic dinnerware. Also using traditional names and Greek letter substitution patterns. E. g.  -chlorovaleraldehyde

6 Naming Aldehydes: IUPAC Names Base name: longest chain with the C=O Replace the -e of alkane name with -al 4-methylpentanal

7 Naming Ketones Common: acetone, an important solvent Also by naming the two alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl in a) alphabetical order or b) by increasing size Methyl ethyl ketone or Ethyl methyl ketone

8 Naming Ketones: IUPAC Base name: longest chain with the C=O Replace the -e of alkane name with -one Indicate position of C=O by number on chain 4-chloro-2-pentanone

Carbonyl Examples Methanal (b.p. –21 o C) is used in aqueous solutions as formalin to preserve tissue and embalm. Acetone and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) are very versatile solvents. Other examples: Vanillin Vanilla beans 2-octanone Mushroom flavor

Reactions of Carbonyls Aldehydes are prepared from primary alcohols by oxidation with a mild oxidizer, eg (CrO 3 /py), pyridinium dichromate Example: Note: this oxidation removes two hydrogens. It is also an oxidative elimination reaction.

11 Preparation of Ketones Prepared from 2 o alcohols by oxidation with Cr(VI) or Mn(VII) species The oxidation removes two hydrogens and forms a double bond. It is also an elimination reaction!

12 Reactions of Carbonyls 1. Redox a) Aldehydes: oxidized to carboxylic acids b) Aldehydes and ketones are reduced to alcohols: aldehydes to primary alcohols and ketones to secondary alcohols 2. Addition a) of hydrogen to give alcohols b) of alcohols to give hemiacetals, acetals, hemiketals, and ketals c) of aldehydes/ketones to give aldol (  - hydroxy carbonyl) products

13 Oxidation of Aldehydes Aldehydes are easily oxidized to carboxylic acids by almost any oxidizing agent. Visual tests for the aldehyde functional group based on its easy oxidation are: Tollen’s Test Silver ion is the oxidizer, as Ag(NH 3 ) 2 + Benedict’s Test Cu 2+ in a basic solution is the oxidizer. Solution is a distinctive blue color. Color fades with rxn.

14 Oxidation of Aldehydes-2 Tollen’s test uses silver ion and gives a silver mirror on the glass reaction container As mirror on test tube

15 Oxidation of Aldehydes-3 Fehling’s test uses copper ion. The blue color fades giving a red ppt of Cu 2 O. (Often used to test for simple reducing sugars.)

16 Reduction of Carbonyls Reduction occurs with hydrogen. The reaction is also an addition reaction.

17 Additions to Carbonyls: Alcohols Carbonyls add one molecule of alcohol to give usually unstable hemiacetals and hemiketals Hemiacetal(ketal) carbons are part of both alcohol and ether functions and are a new functional group

18 Additions to Carbonyls: Alcohols-2 Acid catalyzes both aldehydes and ketones to react with two molecules of alcohol to give acetals and ketals Acetal(ketal) carbons are part of two ether groups and are a new functional group

19 Additions to Carbonyls: Alcohols-3 Glucose forms a cyclic hemiacetal when the alcohol group on C-5 reacts with the aldehyde group C=O. hemiacetal carbon hemiacetal link forms here this H is involved in hemiacetal formation

20 Hydrolysis of (Hemi)acetals/ketals Both hemiacetals and acetals (and ketone analogs) hydrolyze (react with water). An acid catalyst takes them back to the carbonyl compound and the alcohol(s). acetal hemiketal

21 Keto-enol Tautomers Tautomers are isomers which differ in the placement of an atom of hydrogen and a double bond. The keto form has a C=O while the enol form has a C=C. The keto form is usually the most stable.

22 Additions to Carbonyls: Aldol Condensation Self Addition or Condensation Uses two molecules of the same aldehyde or ketone. The alpha carbon of the second molecule adds to the carbonyl carbon of the first molecule. Strong base such as hydroxide catalyzes the reaction.

23 Aldol Condensation-2 Self Addition/Condensation: aldehyde alpha carbon, second molecule carbonyl carbon of first molecule becomes alcohol carbon in aldol original alpha carbon An aldol has an OH beta to the carbonyl group

24 Aldol Condensation: Aldolase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + D-glyeraldehyde-3-phosphate D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Alpha carbon (3) adds to carbonyl carbon (4). (Gluconeogenesis) Bond formed

25 Carbonyl Compounds The End