1. Chapter 14 Aldehydes, Ketones, and Chiral Molecules
14.4 Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

2. Addition Reactions When a polar molecule adds to the carbonyl group
of an aldehyde or ketone,
the negative part of the added molecule bonds to the positive carbonyl carbon
the positive part of the added molecule bonds to the negative carbonyl oxygen

3. Addition Reactions (continued)

4. Acetal Formation Acetals
are the product of two alcohols adding to the carbonyl groups of aldehydes and ketones.

5. Hemiacetal Formation A hemiacetal is
an intermediate produced when one alcohol adds to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or ketone
usually unstable and difficult to isolate

6. Cyclic Hemiacetals
In glucose, a cyclic hemiacetal between the C═O group and the —OH forms a stable, six-atom ring

7. Learning Check
Identify each as a 1) hemiacetal or 2) acetal.

8. Solution Identify each as a 1) hemiacetal or 2) acetal. 1) hemiacetal

9. Learning Check
Draw the condensed structural formula of the acetal formed by adding CH3OH to butanal.

10. Solution
Draw the condensed structural formula of the acetal formed by adding CH3OH to butanal.