1. Chapter 15 and GHW#5 Questions
Aldehydes and Ketones

2. Bonding Characteristics of Aldehydes Ketones
Both aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl
functional group. A carbonyl group is an carbon atom
double-bonded to an oxygen atom. The structural
representation for a carbonyl group is
Carbon-oxygen (C=O) and carbon-carbon (C=C) double
bonds differ in a major way. A carbon oxygen double
bond is more polar

3. Physical Properties of Aldehydes and ketones
BP and MP are lower than alcohols ,
higher than hydrocarbons and ether
with comparable carbon numbers

4. 1. Assign the type of organic compound with following general condensed (structural formula.

5. Common Names of Aldehyde and Ketones
Aldehydes:
Fomaldehyde: HCHO
Acetaldehyde: CH3CHO
Propionaldehyde: CH3CH2CHO
Butyraldehyde: CH3CH2CH2CHO
Valeraldehyde: CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO
Ketones:
Acetone: CH3COCH3
Methyl ethyl ketone CH3CH2COCH3
Butyl propyl ketone CH3CH2CH2CH2COCH2CH2CH3

6. IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehyde and Ketones
The IUPAC system deals with functional groups two different ways.
Modification of the hydrocarbon name to indicate the presence of a functional group.
aldehyde, -CHO use -al ending.
Ketones -RCOR’ use -one ending.

7. 2. Names (common/IUPAC)of following aldehydes and ketones.
a) ____________ b) _______________ c) __________________
d) ____________ e) _______________ f) __________________
g) ____________ h) __________________

8. 3. Draw the condensed formula of
following aldehydes and ketones:
acetaldehyde/
ethanal
b) ethyl methyl
ketone
c) 3-methyl-2-
pentanone
d) isopropyl methyl
e) 2-methylbutanal
f) 5-methyl-3-
hexanone
g) benzophenone
h) acetophenone

9. 4. Identify each of the following compounds as a hemiacetal, hemiketal, acetal, or ketal:
a) ____________ b) _______________ c) __________________
d) ____________ e) _______________ f) __________________

10. Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketone
1) Combustion: Alkenes are very flammable and the combustion products are carbon dioxide and water.
2) Addition Reactions: Atoms or group of atoms are added to each a carbon oxygen double bond. Two different reactants are involved.
a) hemi-acetal or hemi-ketal formation: Addition of Alcohols: -OR group of the R-OH is added to the C atom and H of the ROH is added to O atom.
b) Aacetal or ketal formation : Another or second ROH is reacted in a substitution reaction to replace the H atom of the -OH group of the hemi-acetal or hemi-ketal and water molecule is produced.
O: both reactants (H-X (X= Cl, OH)) and the alkene need to be asymmetric
3) Oxidation Reactions: only aldehydes are oxidized to carboxylic acids.
4) Reduction Reactions: both aldehydes and ketones are reduced to alcohols by taking H from the reducing agents.

11. 5) Which alcohol would you oxidize to produce each of the following compounds?b) c) d)

12. 6) Preparation of adehydes and ketones
a) Control oxidation of 1ry alcohol
b) Complete oxidation of 1ry alcohol

13. 6) Preparation of adehydes and ketones
c) Oxidation of 2ry alcohol
d) Oxidation of 3ry alcohol
No Reaction

14. 7) Complete the following reductions of aldehyde and ketones and identify the type of alcohols (1ry, 2ry and 3ry) produced. d)

15. 8) Complete the following formation reactions hemiacetal, hemiketal, acetal, or ketal:

16. 9) Complete reactions of following aldehydes
and ketones
Tollen’s Reagent: Silver mirror test:
Benedict's test:

17. 9) Complete reactions of following aldehydes
and ketones
c) Oxidation of aldehyde
d) Cyclic hemi-acetal formation