Energy (TKK-2129) 14/15 Academic Year Instructor: Rama Oktavian Office Hr.: M - F.13-15, oktavianrama.lecture.ub.ac.id

Outlines 1. Petroleum : Intro and source 2. Petroleum properties 3. The overview of refinery process 4. Petroleum products uses

Petroleum: Intro and sources What is petroleum? Thick flammable liquid, ranging from yellow to black Word derived from Greek Petros = rock Oleum = oil

Petroleum: Intro and sources What is petroleum?  Petroleum: A general term for all naturally occurring hydrocarbons (hydrogen + carbon)  Solid Hydrocarbons: Asphalt  Liquid Hydrocarbons: Crude oil  Gas Hydrocarbons: Natural Gas: methane, butane, propane, etc. The simplest hydrocarbon is Methane (CH4)

Petroleum: Intro and sources What is petroleum? Natural gas (methane) GasolineNaphtha Kerosene Lubricating oil Paraffin Asphalt

Petroleum: Intro and sources What is petroleum?  Crude vs refined  Light vs intermediate vs heavy  Sweet vs sour Petroleum classification

Petroleum: Intro and sources How does it form?

Petroleum: Intro and sources

Petroleum: Intro and sources How much oil is available?  Reserves are natural resources that have already been discovered and can be exploited for profit today  Resources are deposits that we know of (or believe to exist), but are not exploitable today  Example: oil reserves ~1.2 trillion barrels, oil resources ~2 trillion barrels

Petroleum: Intro and sources How much oil is available?

Crude oil source Energy sources in Indonesia ž Oil

Crude oil source Energy sources in Indonesia ž Oil

Crude oil: Introduction Crude oil?? Crude oil is a mixture of different sized hydrocarbons. The exact composition depends upon where the oil comes from but typically it contains a lot of big molecules

Crude oil: Introduction Crude oil composition Crude oil is a mixture of different sized hydrocarbons. The exact composition depends upon where the oil comes from but typically it contains a lot of big molecules Crude oil is composed of the following groups: 1.Hydrocarbon compounds 2.Non-hydrocarbon compounds 3.Organometallic compound and inorganic salt (metallic compound) The most common metal impurities found in crude oils are nickel, vanadium, and sodium

Crude oil: Introduction Crude oil composition

Crude oil: Introduction Crude oil composition

Crude oil: Introduction Crude oil composition Paraffins

Crude oil: Introduction Crude oil composition Aromatics and napthenes

Crude oil: Introduction Crude oil composition Olefins

Crude oil: Introduction Type of crude oil

Crude oil: Introduction Crude oil properties

Petroleum: Intro and sources Extracting petroleum  Three main steps – Oil exploration – Drilling – Pumping

Petroleum: Intro and sources Oil exploration  Done by geologists – Look for evidence of source and trap rock  Interpret maps  Test drilling – Look for oil bearing strata – Presence of certain micro-algae – Additional methods  Magnetometers / gravity meters  Seismic testing  “Sniffers” detect hydrocarbons in the air

Petroleum: Intro and sources Oil drilling  Clear land  Secure source of water  Install rig - derrick  Commence drilling – Drillbit – Establish casing – Introduce drilling mud

Petroleum: Intro and sources Pump oil from the ground  Place pump at wellhead  Place rods in the borehole  Motor drives assembly  Suction created in upstroke, drawing oil upward

Overview of refinery process Oil refinery process history in Indonesia

Overview of refinery process PT. Pertamina refinery Pertamina also has 2 (two) operating companies i.e. PT Arun LNG operating LNG plant in Arun (12.5Mton per year) and PT Badak LNG operating LNG plant in Bontang (22.5 Mton per year).

Overview of refinery process

Crude distillation unit (CDU) 1.Atmospheric crude distillation unit 2.Vacuum distillation unit Atmospheric Crude distillation unit (CDU) -Process objectives: To distill and separate valuable distillates (naphtha, kerosene, diesel) and atmospheric gas oil (AGO) from the crude feedstock. Vacuum Crude distillation unit (CDU) -Process objectives: To recover valuable gas oils from reduced crude via vacuum distillation

Overview of refinery process Catalytic reforming process a catalytic process which converts low octane naphthenic into higher octane reformate products. It is a highly endothermic process requiring large amounts of energy. the process of transforming C7–C10 hydrocarbons with low octane numbers to aromatics and iso-paraffins which have high octane numbers FCC process The fluidised catalytic cracking (FCC) unit is the heart of the refinery and is where heavy low-value petroleum stream such as vacuum gas oil (VGO) is upgraded into higher value products, mainly gasoline and C3/C4 olefins, which can be used in the alkylation unit for production of gasoline (C7–C8 alkylates).

Overview of refinery process Hydroconversion  Hydroconversion is a term used to describe all different processes in which hydrocarbon reacts with hydrogen. To describe the process of the removal of sulphur, nitrogen and metal impurities in the feedstock by hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. Hydrotreating The process of catalytic cracking of feedstock to products with lower boiling points by reacting them with hydrogen. Hydrocracking Hydrogenation aromatics are saturated by hydrogen to the corresponding naphthenes.

Petroleum products

Oil refinery products list Products Cylinder of LPGSample of gasoline Sample of kerosene Sample of diesel fuel

Petroleum products

 1 barrel = 42 gallons of crude oil  83% becomes fuel – Gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil, and liquefied petroleum gas (propane and butane)  17% other – Solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, plastics