Chapter 10 Section 3 Notes New Political Parties

Main Idea A congressional compromise failed to end disagreement over slavery in the territories. Meanwhile, the political party system broke down as new political parties arose.

Setting the Scene The civil war occurred when it did and in the way it did because politicians could not solve the question of slavery Politicians could have kept slavery from tearing the nation apart if Americans had not added and settled new lands out west Each new state that joined the Union could tip the balance in Congress in favor of or against slavery in the future.

Effects of the Missouri Compromise In the short run, the Missouri compromise maintained the balance in the Senate between slave and free states in 1820. The compromise did not, however, settle the issue of whether slavery would be legal while the lands in the west were still territories.

Balance of Free and Slave States (1819) The Missouri Question - Northerners were against adding Missouri to the union as a slave state because it would disrupt the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states. Illinois (1818) Alabama (1819) Indiana (1816) Mississippi (1817) Ohio (1803) Louisiana (1812) Vermont (1791) Tennessee (1796) Rhode Island Kentucky (1792) New York Virginia New Hampshire North Carolina Massachusetts South Carolina Connecticut Maryland New Jersey Georgia Pennsylvania Delaware Balance of Free and Slave States (1819) Original 13 States Free States Slave States

Balance of Free and Slave States (1821) Missouri Compromise • Missouri was admitted to the union as a slave state, and Maine was admitted as a free state. Maine (1820) Missouri (1821) Illinois (1818) Alabama (1819) Indiana (1816) Mississippi (1817) Ohio (1803) Louisiana (1812) Vermont (1791) Tennessee (1796) Rhode Island Kentucky (1792) New York Virginia New Hampshire North Carolina Massachusetts South Carolina Connecticut Maryland New Jersey Georgia Pennsylvania Delaware Original 13 States Free States Slave States

• An imaginary line was drawn across the southern border of Missouri at the latitude 36 30'N. 36 , 30’

• Slavery was banned north of 36 , 30'N, except for Missouri. • Slavery was allowed in the part of the Louisiana Purchase south of the 36 , 30'N. • Slavery was banned north of 36 , 30'N, except for Missouri. Sectionalism – loyalty to a state or section rather than to the whole country.

Effects of the Missouri Compromise cont. The North was worried Most of the land acquired from Mexico was south of the 36/30 line. These territories could become slave states The South would have more political power than the North. The best way to prevent the creation of more slave states, was to keep slavery out of these areas while they were still territories.

Effects of the Missouri Compromise cont. Southerners said that the national gov’t had no right to prevent free citizens from taking their property (slaves) to the territories. Presidential Election of 1848. Candidates tried to avoid the slavery questions. The Democrats chose Governor Lewis Cass of Michigan, while the Whigs chose a Mexican War general, Zachary Taylor.

Effects of the Missouri Compromise cont. Angered by their parties' unwillingness to confront slavery, some members from both parties who opposed slavery in the territories split off and formed the Free Soil Party. The Free Soilers did not win any states in the 1848 election, but they did take enough votes away from Cass to give Taylor a narrow victory

The Compromise of 1850 1849-California Gold Rush occurs right after the US acquires California People pour into California looking for gold. California asked to join the Union as a free state. Admitting California as a free state would upset the fragile balance between free and slave states in the Senate.

Compromise of 1850 cont. At the center of this drama were three of the most respected senators of that era: John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, Henry Clay of Kentucky, and Daniel Webster of Massachusetts. All had begun their long political careers in Congress prior to the War of 1812. When the Senate assembled in 1849, the 73-year-old Clay tried to solve the nation's dilemma with words rather than blood.

Slave States Free States Original 13 States California (1850) Wisconsin (1848) Texas (1845) Iowa (1846) Florida (1845) Michigan (1837) Arkansas (1836) Maine (1820) Missouri (1821) Slave States Free States Illinois (1818) Alabama (1819) Indiana (1816) Mississippi (1817) Ohio (1803) Louisiana (1812) Vermont (1791) Tennessee (1796) Rhode Island Kentucky (1792) New York Virginia New Hampshire North Carolina Massachusetts South Carolina Connecticut Maryland New Jersey Georgia Pennsylvania Delaware Original 13 States

Compromise of 1850 cont. Clay's plan for a compromise over slavery would become known as the Compromise of 1850. Clay proposed five separate laws, some of which favored the North and some of which favored the South

Compromise of 1850 cont. 1. California becomes a free state. 2. Citizens of New Mexico and Utah would decide themselves whether slavery would be legal. 3. Congress would abolish the sale of slaves, but not slavery, in Washington, D.C. 4. Texas would give up claims to New Mexico for $10 million. 5. A Fugitive Slave Act would order all citizens of the United States to assist in the return of enslaved people who had escaped from their owners. It would also deny a jury trial to escaped slaves.

IV. The Fugitive Slave Law was passed. Compromise of 1850 I. California became a free state. II. The rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into two parts; Utah (UT) and New Mexico (NM). * people in UT and NM used popular sovereignty to decide on the slavery issue III. The slave trade ended in Washington, D.C. IV. The Fugitive Slave Law was passed.

Calhoun opposed Compromise Debate over the compromise dragged on for months. On March 4, 1850, the Senate gathered to hear the opinion of John C. Calhoun of South Carolina Calhoun gave the southern view of the compromise. Calhoun (67 yrs old) was so weak that he asked James Mason of Virginia to read his speech for him.

Calhoun opposed Compromise cont. The “great and primary” cause of the crisis, Calhoun said, was that the North now had “the exclusive power of controlling the Government, which leaves the [South] without any adequate means of protecting itself against … encroachment and oppression.” Calhoun was referring to the fact that the North's growing population had given it more representatives in the House and more votes in the Electoral College. Calhoun believed that southern states had the right to leave the Union if that were necessary for their own protection.

Calhoun cont. Today, Americans believe that slavery is morally wrong because it robs people of their liberty. Calhoun and other white southern planters believed that stopping slavery was morally wrong, because it interfered with their liberty to own enslaved people as property. Government, they believed, should protect this liberty. Southern planters held that if the federal government intended to reduce their rights or threaten their property, then it was no longer a government worthy of their respect.

Thinking Level Objectives for Today 1. Why was it surprising that Daniel Webster supported the Compromise of 1850? 2. Why did Stephen Douglas propose the Kansas-Nebraska Act? 3. What was the Northern reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

Daniel Webster favors Compromise of 1850 Three days after Calhoun's speech, Daniel Webster, the nation's leading orator, stood to speak. In the past, Webster had opposed any extension of slavery into the territories. Fearing for the existence of the Union, Webster surprised his audience by giving his support to each of Clay's proposals Webster's speech outraged northern abolitionists and his longtime supporters because of his support for the Fugitive Slave Act.

Congress approves the Compromise of 1850 Many members of Congress feared that President Zachary Taylor would veto the Compromise. Taylor's sudden death in July 1850, however, brought Millard Fillmore to the presidency Working with Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, who had taken over for an exhausted Clay, Congress eventually passed the Compromise of 1850.

Changes in Political Parties In the 1850s the two party system was breaking down. The Whig Party began to decline. In 1852 the Whigs, rejecting President Fillmore because of his support for the Compromise of 1850, nominated Winfield Scott, a general from the Mexican War. The Democrats chose Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire. Pierce won the election in a landslide.

1852 Presidential Election √ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

1852 Election Results

The Rise of the Know-Nothings Nativism was a movement to ensure that native-born Americans received better treatment than immigrants. It arose in response to a surge in immigration between 1846 and 1854, when 3 million Europeans arrived in the United States. The Know-Nothings did very well in local elections in northern states. Their main supporters were voters worried that immigration would lead to crime, and working men fearful of losing jobs to Irish and German immigrants.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois again raised the issue of slavery in the territories. Douglas had two conflicting ambitions. 1)-He wanted Chicago to benefit from the development of the West The sooner Kansas and Nebraska became states, the sooner railroads could be built across their land to link Chicago with the West. Chicago would boom as farmers would send all their crops there to be sold.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act 2)-Douglas wanted to run for President. -To do that, he needed Southern support -Pushing statehood for Kansas and Nebraska would benefit Chicago but it would cost Douglas Southern support. -Under the terms of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, Kansas and Nebraska would become free states. -This would add 4 more anti-slavery Senators. -As you can see Douglas cannot achieve both of his ambitions at the same time.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act To win the support of both Northerners and Southerners, Douglas introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in the Senate in 1854. Douglas said the citizens of Kansas and Nebraska should VOTE on whether they want slavery or not in their territory. Popular Sovereignty-letting the people in a territory decide whether to allow slavery there

The Kansas-Nebraska Act In effect, Douglas was asking the nation to repeal the Missouri Compromise and its boundary line of 36° 30′ N and rely instead on popular sovereignty Douglas knew that the Kansas-Nebraska Act would make Southerners happy. There was now a possibility that the citizens could vote for slavery This would have been impossible under the Missouri Compromise.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act Douglas also thought Northerners would support the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Northerners figured slavery would never happen on the Great Plains, where the weather was harsh and cotton could not grow. The people of Kansas and Nebraska would no doubt vote to become free states.

Kansas-Nebraska Act I. The Nebraska Territory was divided into two parts: Nebraska (NE) and Kansas (KS).

Kansas-Nebraska Act II. The people of each territory voted on whether or not to allow slavery. (popular sovereignty)

The Kansas-Nebraska Act The deaths of Clay and Webster led to new leadership in Congress. Stephen Douglas, an Illinois senator, gained power and influence. End of an era A proposed railroad connecting California to the rest of the nation was a dividing issue. Southerners wanted New Orleans as the eastern end, Douglas favored Chicago, but the northern route land had to be officially opened for settlement by the government. Railroad proposal Douglas proposed organizing the Kansas and Nebraska Territories, where the issue of slavery would be settled by popular sovereignty. Southern senators demanded the bill end the Missouri Compromise’s limits on slavery. In May 1854 his Kansas-Nebraska Act became law. May 1854

Reactions in the North and South The North’s reaction Hundreds of meetings were held to protest the law. Northerners sent numerous petitions and resolutions to Congress. Northerners were outraged that many northern Democratic members of Congress had voted for the act. A great number of northern Democrats quit the party. The effect on the Whig Party was even more severe. Some northern Whigs (Conscience Whigs) opposed slavery on moral grounds. Other Whigs in the North and the South (Cotton Whigs) strongly supported slavery. The two groups refused to work together. Rise of the Republican Party The Free Soil Party was formed in 1848 by some northern Whigs and Democrats, and members of the antislavery Liberal Party. The name was taken because opposition to the spread of slavery was its main issue. People of all political parties who opposed slavery’s spread were called free-soilers. The Republican Party was formed from a meeting of the Free-Soil Party, northern Whigs, and others in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Two new Republicans were William Seward and Abraham Lincoln.

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

The Kansas-Nebraska Act After nine months of debate, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Northerners were outraged. –Douglas assumed wrong Northern members of Douglas's own party, the Democrats, denounced Douglas for what they saw as a sellout to the South. Most northern Democrats in the Senate voted for the Kansas-Nebraska Act out of party loyalty, not because they approved it.