1. Crisis and Compromise: 1820-1861

2. Maintaining a Political Balance Between North and South
Missouri Compromise – 1820:
Alabama was admitted as a slave state in 1819 (making 11 slave states and 11 free states)
The Territory of Missouri asked to be admitted as a slave state which would upset the balance in Congress.

3. The “Great Compromiser”
Henry Clay of Kentucky proposed a compromise over Missouri – terms:
Missouri would be admitted as a slave state. Maine was admitted as a free state.
The Rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36°30 parallel would be free

4. Missouri Compromise (1820)

5. The Abolition Movement
Support for abolishing slavery began to grow during the early 1800s.
Propaganda and the press:
“The Liberator” – newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison, denouncing the evils of slavery.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin – book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe about life as a slave.

6. The Abolition Movement
Escape of slaves – Harriet Tubman created the “Underground Railroad” to help slaves escape from the south across the Mason-Dixon Line, and later to Canada.

7. Mason-Dixon Line

8. Deadlock over Texas
Texas wanted to be admitted into the union as a slave state (Arkansas had been admitted as a slave state in 1836, and Michigan as a free state in 1837).
James Polk won the Election of 1844, and then Congress adopted a joint resolution in 1845.

9. Deadlock over Texas Resolution Terms:
Texas would be admitted as a slave state.
If Texas did divide, any land north of 36°30 parallel would be free.
United States would take over the boundary dispute with Mexico.

10. Election of 1848 Polk decided not to run for re-election.
Parties and their candidates:
a. Whigs – Zachary Taylor (“Old Rough and Ready”)
b. Democrats – Lewis Cass (Michigan)
c. Free-Soil Party – Martin Van Buren (opposed further extension of slavery into the Territories).

11. Election of 1848
Winners – Zachary Taylor as President, and Millard Fillmore as Vice President.

12. Controversial Issues Now Facing the Nation
California’s entry into the union as a free state.
Boundary dispute between Texas and the unorganized Territory of New Mexico
Southern proposal for a new, more effective Fugitive Slave Law

13. Groups Form Over Division of the Southwest
Build upon the success of the Missouri Compromise – Polk.
Wilmot Proviso – no slavery in lands acquired from Mexico – David Wilmot
Congress has no right to prohibit slavery in the Southwest – John C. Calhoun
Popular Sovereignty – Stephen A. Douglas

14. Compromise of 1850 Compromise was developed by Henry Clay
Key Provisions:
Admission of California as a free state.
Organization of Mexican lands based on popular sovereignty.

15. Compromise of 1850

16. Election of 1852 Parties and their candidates:
Democrats – Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire.
Whigs – Winfield Scott
Free-Soil – John Hale
Winners – Pierce as President, and William R.D. King as Vice President

17. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Authored by Stephen A. Douglas
Key Provisions:
Created the Kansas & Nebraska territories
Declared the Missouri Compromise void
Slavery in the territories would be decided by Popular Sovereignty

18. Kansas-Nebraska Act