Open Access: The revolution in academic publishing Henry Hagedorn Editor, Journal of Insect Science Department of Entomology and Office of Scholarly Communication and Publication University of Wisconsin

A large department will produce 500 to 1000 papers a year. How much do you think it cost to do the research for these papers?

The federal government spends about 40 billion dollars each year to support scientific research. Not counting the billions added by states and foundations.

Who do you think owns these papers? In 2004 the US produced 256,000 scientific papers out of a total world production of 743,000 papers.

Publishers ! Not Authors Granting agencies Institutions How did this happen?

Granting agencies (NSF, NIH, etc) Research institutions (state and federal) Scholars Data Manuscripts Commercial publishers Editors Reviewers Copyright Readers $ $ $ $

What do you lose when you sign a copyright agreement with a publisher: Control over dissemination of your work and access by readers: What do you not lose: The “underlying ideas, systems or factual information” you cannot: make copies for a class distribute it to colleagues put it on your website or in a repository. And readers have to pay for access to it

The tale of the idiot and the publisher Suber

ACRL data

Granting agencies (NSF, NIH, etc) Research institutions (state and federal) Scholars Data Manuscripts Commercial publishers Editors Reviewers Copyright Readers $ $ $ $

“Intermediaries that erect price and permission barriers between authors and readers serve neither, harm both, and enrich only themselves.” Peter Suber, SPARC

In response Cornell University Library cancelled 162 Elsevier journals valued at $250,000

Increase in average cost per journal title in various subject areas Ave. cost/title 2004% increase in cost Agriculture$ Art & Architecture Astronomy 1,60239 Biology 1,37738 Business & Econ Chemistry 2,69535 Education History Law Music Physics 2,54336 Psychology Sociology 42254

Total number of scholarly journals ~50,000 (50% online) Number of journals covered by ISI 8,500 (17%) Number of journals published by large commercial publishers Reed/Elsevier1800 Springer/Kluwer1350 Taylor & Francis 800 Blackwell 600 Wiley 400 Lippencott 270 Total 5220

Faust, Hector Berlioz, Los Angeles Opera, September 2003 Paul Groves, Samuel Ramey, Denyce Graves

Open access

Digital format Available online Free to user Author copyright

Open Access increases Visibility Usage Citations Full text searchability It’s about career building

Comparing journals in Ecology

Granting agencies (NSF, NIH, etc.) Research institutions Scholars Data Manuscripts Editors Reviewers Open Access Journal Copyright Readers Free

What can the author do with the copyright? If you have the copy right you can allow: Break down the barriers that bar access ! Unrestricted reading Downloading of PDF by readers Distribution of PDF to colleagues Full text searching Linking Preservation in repositories

You can retain copyright even when publishing in commercial journals By adding an AUTHOR’S ADDENDUM to a publisher’s copyright agreement A model addendum is at It retains your rights to reproduce and distribute your paper To prepare derivative works - reviews To authorize others to use it for non-commercial use It also requires that the publisher provide a PDF of the paper

Open Access journals can be free because Giving the author copyright removes legal barriers to free distribution The author does not expect to be paid The internet permits free distribution Improved software reduces the cost of formatting papers

Granting agencies (NSF, NIH, etc.) Research institutions Scholars Data Manuscripts Editors Reviewers Open Access Journal Copyright Readers Free

G. Eisenbach Citation advantage of open access articles. PLoS Biology 4(5):e157

Citation record of three journals Nature Impact factor 29 Ave citation %>50 0%<10 Ecology Impact factor 4.5 Ave citation 27 12%>50 22%<10 Gene Impact factor 2.6 Ave citation 14 2%>50 56%<10

Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

How you can help Choose open access journals for your papers Retain your copyright Don’t do reviews for commercial journals Decline invitations to join their editorial boards Become an editor; start an open access journal Put your papers in the university repository

You can make your existing publications open access by putting them in a university repository List of publishers that allow deposition in a repository: