Earth Science Intro / Scientific Method

“The study of the Earth and how it interacts with its self and the universe around it.”

Scientific Method A series of planned steps to help solve a problem.

Scientific Method’s Seven Steps 1. State the Problem 2. Gather Information 3. Form a Hypothesis 4. Test the Hypothesis 5. Record and Analyze Results 6. State a Conclusion 7. Repeat Work

1. State the Problem What When Where How

2. Gather Information Observations Research Ask Questions

3. Form a Hypothesis Hypothesis: This is an educated guess based upon observation. It is a rational explanation of a single event or phenomenon based upon what is observed, but which has not been proved.

4. Test the Hypothesis EXPERIMENT

5. Record and Analyze Data Why is it important to record data accurately? Is the data accurate and relevant?

6. State a Conclusion Was the hypothesis correct?

7. Repeat Why would you need to repeat your work?

ACTIVITY Write instructions on how to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.

TOTD 8/26/15 Is there gravity in Space? Explain your answer and give examples of why you think there is or there isn’t gravity in space.

Warm Up 8/27/15 Write a paragraph about how people effect the Earth and some of the benefits and problems that people are to the planet Earth.

Hypotheses, Theories and Laws Hypothesis: A preliminary, untested explanation that tries to explain how or why things happen in the manner observed. Theory: A hypothesis or a set of hypotheses that is supported by the results of experimentation and observation. Scientific Law: A rule that correctly describes a natural phenomenon.

Laws of Gravity 1. inertia: a body at rest remains at rest, and one moving in a straight line maintains a constant speed and same direction unless it is deflected by a ``force''. 2. F=ma 3. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Big Bang Theory The Theory states that: – “Billions of years ago, all the matter and energy in the universe was compressed into an extremely small volume. Then about 17 billion years ago, a sudden event sent all the matter and energy hurtling outward in a giant cloud. As the cloud expanded, some of the matter gathered into a clumps that evolved into galaxies.”

Big Bang Theory

Theories How did the Dinosaurs die out? Meteorite Impact Theory Climate Change Theory Evolution Theory (plants or animals) Hunted to extinction

Review 1. What are the different areas of Earth Science? 2. What are the seven steps of of the Scientific Method? 3. Why is it important to keep accurate and detailed notes and procedures? 4. What is the difference between a theory and a law?

Measurements International System of Measurement (SI) Metric System Meter (length) second (time) Gram (mass) Celsius (temp.) Liter (volume

Units of Measurement

Structure of the Earth Earth is the only known planet in the solar system with liquid water on its surface and an atmosphere that contains a large amount of oxygen.

Formation of the Earth The nebular hypothesis suggests that everything in our solar system came from a huge rotating cloud called the solar nebula, made up of mostly hydrogen and helium.

Earth’s Statistics Diameter: 12,753 km (7,926 miles) Mass: 5.98x10^24 kilograms(6.5e21 tons) Density: 5,515 kg/m^3 Minimum Distance from Sun: 146 million km (91 million miles) Surface Gravity: 9.78 m/s^2 Rotation Period with respect to stars (Sidereal Day):23 hrs 56 min Revolution Period about the Sun (Length of a Year): 365 days 5 hrs Temperature: -89 o C to 57.7 o C (-128 o F to 136 o F)

The Earth is not a perfect sphere.

Determining Location Scientists use special measurements to describe location. Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator. Longitude is the distance east or west of the prime meridian.

Warm-up8/28/15 What are the three main parts of the interior of the Earth, from the inside out? List any facts that you know about these parts.

The Earth has 4 spheres Hydrosphere – the water part of our planet Atmosphere – the air that surrounds us Geosphere – the inner parts of the Earth Biosphere – All of the living matter on Earth

Hydrosphere The earth is 71% covered by water, and about 97% of the water is in the salty oceans. The remaining 3% of earth’s water is fresh water that is found in lakes, rivers, and streams and that is frozen in glaciers and the polar ice sheets.

Atmosphere The atmosphere is the blanket of gases that surrounds the earth. The atmosphere is make up of 78% Nitrogen and 21% Oxygen. The remaining 1% includes other gases, such as argon, carbon dioxide, and helium. It also provides the air we breathe, protects us from the sun, and produces weather and climate.

Geosphere Divided into 3 main parts: the core, mantle, and crust. The crust and top part of the mantle is called the lithosphere. The lower part of the mantle is called the asthenosphere.

Biosphere Makes up all life on the planet.

Inside the Earth Crust Mantle Core

Crust and Mantle Crust—the thin solid outermost zone of the earth --it only makes up about 1% of the earth’s mass --there is oceanic crust and continental crust mantle—zone of rock that lies beneath the crust --it makes up about 2/3’s of the earth’s mass.

Core core—center of the earth that is below the mantle and made mostly of iron --the outer core is a dense liquid layer --the inner core is a dense solid layer

Earth as a System The Earth system is powered by energy from two sources: The sun (atmosphere, hydrosphere, and Earth’s surface) and the Earth’s interior. Give one example of how the parts of the Earth system are linked

Images of Earth

Sunrise from space. You can see the bands of the atmosphere.

This is a picture of the Colorado River.