FIGURE 12-1 Interconnection of switching exchanges in North America. Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall,

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FIGURE 12-1 Interconnection of switching exchanges in North America. Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-2 Long-distance switching hierarchy within the PSTN depicting possible routes to complete a call between parties A and B. Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-3 Long-haul network depicting various trunk media. (Courtesy of Bell Laboratories.) Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-4 Switching centers throughout the United States (Courtesy of Bell Laboratories.) Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-5 Four-wire trunk circuit with separate amplifiers for each direction. Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-6 Hybrid two- and four-wire terminating circuit. Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-7 Echo suppressor. Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-8 Comparison between a transmission system with and without companding. The diagram depicts signal strength versus transmission distance: (a) transmission system without companding; (b) transmission system with companding. Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-9 (a) m-Law used for companding in the United Sates. Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-9 (b) A-law used for companding in Europe. Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE Three satellites in geosynchronous orbit spaced 120° apart can provide full coverage of the Earth, with the exception of the polar caps. Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE Simplified SXS call procedure to subscriber Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE Detailed views of the crossbar switch: (a) principle of operation; (b) finger action. (Courtesy of Northern Telecom.) Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE Crossbar switch with 25% blocking Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

5 ESS Features Modular design –Provide service from rural to large metropoplitan areas Runs on C code and UNIX operating system Wide range of custom features –see Pgs of textbook

FIGURE (a) Three independent sine waves mixed with subcarrier frequencies to produce the FDM output; (b) frequency spectrum of the FDM output signal. Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE Hierarchy of the Bell System FDM groups. Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE (a) Formation of the Bell System’s channel group; (b) frequency distribution of the channel group. Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE Frequency distribution of the Bell System supergroup. Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE Simplified diagram illustrating TDM. Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE Block diagram of the North American digital multiplexing hierarchy. Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE T1 carrier frame format. Warren Hioki Telecommunications, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2001 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.