Ministery of Mexico Health A major program to control rabies in Mexico was initiated in 2000 Ministery of Mexico Health Dr. Carlos H. Álvarez Lucas Mayo, 2007

Antecedents Rabies in dogs was unknown in the Americas before the arrival of the Spanish “conquistadores”. The first mention of rabies in Mexico is in the Inquisition papers, with two manuscripts of the early 18th century, in which a priest writes that “happy was New Spain while it was still free of the disease of rabies…”.

Rabies program Up until the middle 1980s rabies in animals and, in turn, in humans, changed little from year to year. 31 41 49 64 60 47 78 91 72 54 57 9 69 5 82 2 62 43 18 20 11 15 8 3 6 1 10 30 40 50 70 80 90 100 39 42 45 48 51 63 66 *72 75 81 84 87 93 96 99 02 05 Years Dog Other Species * Available 1972 - Figure 1 Human Rabies Deaths in Mexico, 1939 – 2005 When one looks at the figures they remain virtually unchanged: anywhere from 3,000 to 6,000 cases in animals, with over 95% in dogs, and 40-90 human deaths a year.

The program of ‘mass vaccination’ began in 1990 in Mexico. Rabies program As has been the case in other countries, canine rabies began to be controlled once the decision was been made to vaccinate enough dogs. 5 Millions 16.6 3 4.1 3.7 3.8 2.7 6.4 4.4 4.9 4.2 5.5 4.3 6.3 5.7 5.2 6.6 4.1 0.4 8.1 3.3 1.25 9.1 2.8 1.4 9.7 2.4 1.6 10.6 2.7 10.4 2.2 11.5 2.5 2.6 3 12 2.3 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 National Vaccination Week Permanent Program Additional Reinforcement 7.1 16.0 Figure 2 Rabies Vaccination in Dogs , Mexico , 1990 - The program of ‘mass vaccination’ began in 1990 in Mexico.

Rabies program The number quickly dropped almost to zero or disappeared completely All but 5 of the remaining states have now succeeded in virtually eliminating the endemic disease in dogs; of these five, one is a tropical peninsula (Yucatán). Figura 3: States Free of Canine Rabies, México, 1990-2005 1995 2005 1990 2000 States whitout rabies

Rabies program Cases of rabies in animals fell during this period, almost in direct relation to the number of dogs vaccinated, human rabies, too, fell to almost nil. 7.1 7.5 9.1 9.3 9.7 10.6 10.9 11.1 12.6 13.3 13.7 14.9 15.9 16.2 16 16.6 45 110 117 244 317 335 523 852 1387 2253 2106 3049 1382 1600 105 76 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 18 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 500 1000 1500 2500 3000 3500 Dogs Vaccinated ( Millions ) Rabies Cases Figure 4 Rabies Cases in and Canine Vaccination , Mexico , 1990 - 7.1 7.5 9.1 9.3 9.7 10.6 10.9 11.1 12.6 13.3 13.7 14.9 15.9 16.2 16 16.6 2 1 3 7 20 15 22 45 29 60 19 4 6 8 10 12 14 18 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 30 40 50 70 Figure 5 Rabies in Humans , and Canine Rabies Vaccination Mexico , 1990 - Dogs Vaccinated ( Millions ) Rabies Cases

Rabies program Figure 6 Identification of Canine and Feline Rabies Variants by Monoclonal Antibodies , 1996 - 2005 V - 7 (2) cat 1 V - 11 (1) dog dog 1 140 Isolates V - 1 (1) V - 1 (1) V - 8 (1) cat cat cat V - 1 (5) cat 2 V - 9 (1) cat dog 3 1 1 V - 11 (1) cat V - 10 (1) V - 1 (4) dog cat V - 8 (1) cat V - 1 (42) dogs 40, 5 1 3 3 2 cats 2 2 5 V - 11 (1) dog 1 1 V - 9 (1) cat 42 3 3 V - 1 (10) dogs V - 1 (4) 4 4 dogs 3, V - 1 (3) dog 3 6 6 V - 1 (5) cat1 1 1 dogs 1 1 42 V - 8 (1) cat 8 8 4 4 6 6 Variants V - 1 (1) No. dog V - 1 Dog D 120, C 7 V - 1 (1) dog V - 1 (3) dog V - 5 Vampire D 1 V - 5 (1) do V - 1 (8) 3 V - 1 (6) dogs 6 V - 1 (28) dogs 28 V - 7 Grey Fox D 1, C 1 dogs 8 V - 8 Skunk C 3 V - 11 (1) dogs V - 1 (4) dogs 4 V - 9 Bat D1, C1 V - 1 (1) dog V - 10 Skunk C 1 V - 11 Vampire D2, C 2

Rabies program Figure 7 Identification of Human Rabies Isolates by Monoclonal Antibodies , 1996 - 2005 V - A (2)(V - 1) 21 Isolates V - 9 (1) 2 2 V - 10 (2) V - 1 (1) 1 2 2 2 1 V - 1 (1) V - 3 (1) 2 2 V - 5 (1) Variants No. V - 1 (2) V - 11 (1) V - 1 Dog 7 V - 3 Vampire 1 V - 4 bat 1 1 1 V - 4 (1) V - 5 Vampire 1 V - A (V - 8 (2)) V - 8 Skunk 2 V - 9 Bat 1 V - 1 (1) V - 10 Skunk 2 V - 1 (1) V - 11 Vampire 4 V - 11 (2) V - 1 (1) V - A Atypical 2 V11 (1)

Comunication strategies evolution Rabies program Comunication strategies evolution 1997-2001 1990-1996 Dr. T. Canto 2002-2006 Canuto Perrón Gatalina Cat

Rabies program Conclusions The canine rabies in Mexico was a problem of public health. Only country that makes national intensive days of canine antirabies vaccination. Leader in reduction of canine rabies cases and humans cases transmitted by dog. Uses biological antirabies humans and canine of the same quality like the countries of the first world. The use of new technologies alerts the presence of the wild animal rabies.