Mendel’s Laws of Heredity Why we look the way we look...

What is heredity? The passing on of characteristics (traits) from parents to offspring Genetics is the study of heredity

Mendel used peas... They reproduce sexually They have two distinct, male and female, sex cells Their traits are easy to isolate

What Did Mendel Find? He discovered different laws and rules that explain factors affecting heredity.

Rule of Unit Factors Each organism has two alleles for each trait Alleles - different forms of the same gene Genes - located on chromosomes, they control how an organism develops

Rule of Dominance The trait that is observed in the offspring is the dominant trait (uppercase) The trait that disappears in the offspring is the recessive trait (lowercase)

Heterozygous & Homozygous Heterozygous - if the two alleles for a trait are different (Aa) Homozygous - if the two alleles for a trait are the same (AA or aa)

Heredity The two alleles for a trait must separate when the sex cells are formed A parent randomly passes only one allele for each trait to each offspring

Heredity The genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other.

Phenotype & Genotype Phenotype - the way an organism looks red hair or brown hair genotype - the gene combination of an organism AA or Aa or aa

Incomplete Dominance Neither allele is dominant so there is a blending of traits when two different alleles for the same trait occur together. The offspring have a mix of their parents.

Incomplete Dominance Heterozygous individuals = 3rd phenotype

Incomplete Dominance In Four O’ Clocks, if you cross a red (which is always pure) with a white (that is also always pure), you get a pink (which is always a hybrid).

Incomplete Dominance Cross of two pink flowers What are the possibilities? genotype ratio phenotype ratio

Multiple Alleles

Multiple Alleles Some human traits are controlled by a single gene that has two or more alleles. Three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait. In this pattern of inheritance, the genes have more than two alleles controlling them.

Multiple Alleles Even though a gene may have multiple alleles, a person can only carry two of those alleles. Chromosomes exist in pairs – Each chromosome in a pair only carries one allele for each gene

Multiple Alleles Blood type in humans is an example of this inheritance pattern. The four different blood groups: A, B, O, and AB Are produced by three different alleles: A, B, and O

Multiple Alleles Examples of Blood type crosses

Blood Type Practice Problems: A mother is AB and a father is O. Draw the Punnett square. A B O   What is the probability their offspring will have A type blood? ____ Can they have an offspring with O blood?

Polygenic Traits

Polygenic Traits Some human traits show a large number of phenotypes because the traits are controlled by many genes. The genes act together as a group to produce a single trait.

Polygenic Traits Traits controlled by two or more genes Show a wide range of phenotypes The phenotype is produced by the interaction of more than 1 pair of genes.

Polygenic Traits In humans, eye color, skin color, hair color are a few controlled by many genes.

Polygenic Traits Height is controlled by four genes working together.

Polygenic Traits Skin color is controlled by at least three genes, each one containing two different alleles. Various combinations of alleles produce the many skin colors in humans.

Genetic Disorders

Genetic Disorder An abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chromosomes. Genetic disorders are caused by mutations. Down syndrome and cystic fibrosis are two examples of genetic disorders.

Genetic Recessive Disorders Many human genetic disorders are caused by recessive genes. Occur when both parents have the recessive allele for the disorder. Parents may be heterozygous and have no symptoms and pass the trait onto any offspring.

Sex-linked Genetics Ex. Colorblindness

Boy or Girl? The gender of a baby is determined by genes on chromosomes. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in each of our cells. One of pair of chromosomes are called sex chromosomes.

Boy or Girl? The sex chromosomes determine whether a person is male or female. The sex chromosomes are the only pair of chromosomes that do not always match.

Females Two sex chromosomes match XX Since both chromosomes are X, all eggs carry one X chromosome.

Males Two sex chromosomes don’t match XY, so sperm cells will either carry an X or a Y chromosome.

Sex-Linked Genes Some human traits occur more often in one gender than the other. Sex-Linked Genes: Genes on the X and Y chromosomes, whose alleles are passed from parent to offspring on sex chromosomes

Sex Linked Gene In females, a dominant allele on one X chromosome will mask a recessive allele on the other X chromosome. In males, there is no matching allele on the X and Y chromosome. As a result, any allele on the X chromosome will produce the trait in a male who inherits it.

Sex-Linked Genes Because males have only one X chromosome, males are more likely than females to have a sex-linked trait that is controlled by a recessive allele.

Sex-Linked Punnett Square Let C = Normal Vision c = Colorblind Cross: Normal Male ( ) x Carrier Female ( )

Pedigree

Pedigree Pedigree: A chart or “family tree” that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait