Sub-Saharan Africa (cont’d) Desertification Desertification Deforestation Deforestation Population and Settlement Population and Settlement Cultural Coherence and Diversity Cultural Coherence and Diversity European Imprint European Imprint Economic and Social Development Economic and Social Development For Next Class: Read Chapter 7 (pp )

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Desertification in the Sahel Sahel –Zone of ecological transition –Transhumance Desertification –Prolonged drought –Overgrazing –Colonial influence on agriculture Sahel in Bloom

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Deforestation Issues –Increased run off –Soil erosion –Wildlife habitat –Hardship NGOs –Green Belt Movement –Experiments with bamboo Planting Bamboo

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Food Insecurity Global climate change Highly vulnerable regions Famine Figure 6.14 Mapping food insecurity

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Population and Settlement Figure 6.18 Scattered rural populations Physiological density –# of people per unit of arable land Agricultural density –# of farmers per unit of arable land

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Demographic Indicators – Fertility Figure 6.15 High TFR Declining family size Large family in Senegal

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 HIV/AIDS Figure 6.16 High rates of infection Social and economic implications Antiretroviral therapies AIDS prevention education

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Settlement Patterns – Rural Subsistence Agriculture –Swidden Plantation Agriculture Pastoralism –Tsetse Flies Figure 6.19 Coffee in Ethiopia Pastoralists with camels Figure 6.20

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Settlement Patterns – Urban Pre-Colonial urban networks Rapidly growing Figure 6.21 Growing urban poor in Luanda, Angola Urban to rural migration Slums, crime, traffic

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Cultural Coherence and Diversity Sub-Saharan African identity –Slavery –Colonialism –Struggles for independence and development Diverse political, religious, and language systems Common History

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Linguistic Diversity Figure 6.25 Multilingual sign Figure 6.27

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Religious Diversity Figure 6.28 Muslim Landscape Figure 6.29 Christian Landscape >

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 Globalization and African Culture Figure 6.31

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Globalization and African Culture Figure 6.32 Music Festival in Mali Figure 6.33 Distance runners of Kenya and Ethiopia

800 m World Record David Rudisha – Kenya David Rudisha – Kenya zVGs zVGs

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 European Imprint Figure 6.35 Colonization in 1913 Early European contact Berlin Conference –1884, likened to a game of Monopoly Pan-African Movement

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Conflict and Population Movements Figure 6.39

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 African Poverty Figure 6.42 Uncompetitive Industry Figure 6.43 Lack of Infrastructure Colonialism Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) –Unsustainable Debt Food Policies Corruption

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 Links to the Global Economy Figure 6.45 Aid vs. Investment

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 Social Development Figure 6.48 African women in the workforce and politics Ugandan school children Figure 6.47

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 African Poverty Figure 6.42 Uncompetitive Industry Figure 6.43 Lack of Infrastructure Colonialism Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) –Unsustainable Debt Food Policies Corruption

Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) SAPs have crippled Sub-Saharan African countriesSAPs have crippled Sub-Saharan African countries Tied to neoliberal economic theory and implemented by the IMF and World BankTied to neoliberal economic theory and implemented by the IMF and World Bank Four key elements:Four key elements: Reschedule foreign debt payments Reschedule foreign debt payments Decrease state spending Decrease state spending Increase exports Increase exports Privatize economy Privatize economy Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff 24

Many have since advocated “Adjustment with a Human Face” Many have since advocated “Adjustment with a Human Face” Gradualism in economic growthGradualism in economic growth Small-scale productionSmall-scale production Shift in public spending to meet basic needs firstShift in public spending to meet basic needs first Target scarce state support to very poorTarget scarce state support to very poor Community participation in covering costsCommunity participation in covering costs Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff 25