Abraham Miranda CSUSB

Barrel bodied Small heads Originally lumped together, the subclass Edaphosauria include Edaphosauridae Casea Lupeosauridae Nitrosauridae Romer appeared to have decided Edaphosaurus should have their own subclass, but he was overruled Romer compared the Edaphosaurus to Casea because of their pelycosaur similarities

Projection off the frontal bone, creating a large lappet Quadratojugal not connected to the subtemporal bar Lacrimal bone reaches from the orbits to the naris A narrow skull table Have a supraorbial brow or shelf created from the prefrontal, frontal and post frontal bones

Postorbital process reduced No connection with the postorbital bone and supratemporal bone Temporal bar is created from the jugal and squamosal bones Quadratojugal jugal is reduced

Supraoccipital is smaller compared to sphenacodonts

Articulation of the jaw joint is below the rows of teeth Dentary bone has a big coronid process The prearticular bone is rotated to fit under the pterygoid process of articular bone All marginal teeth slightly enlarged at distal portions

Sail: Formed by the neuro spinous processes of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae Neural spines are circular at distal ends Neural spines are laterally compressed at proximal ends Cervical neural spines bend anterioly Posterior neural spines bend posteriorly Neural spine tubercles paired at the proximal ends

Neural spines enlongated on presacral bones Short transverse tubercles Distal neural spines loose dual cylinder structure Stolen from Adam Huttenlocker

Limbs are short All Edaphosaurs have a curve to ribs Tubercular head of ribs are small ridged

KANSAS

Oldest and most primitive of the Edaphosauridae Two well-preserved specimens found in Garnett, Kansas First found in the Upper Pennsylvanian Rock Lake Shale of the Stanton formation. A stream valley in which there was a slow transgression of flood waters. First unearthed by P.E. Peabody in 1957, and thought to be a Dimetrodon, Reisz in 1982 confirmed this unknown specimen as an edaphosaur Maintained edaphosaur spines, but did not really fit in with the rest of the genus, so a new genus was erected: Ianthasaurus Only known species of Ianthasaurus: Ianthasaurus hardestii Insectivore

Pre and Postfrontal bones articulate to the Parietal Reduced quadratojugal from the temporal bar Small temporal fenestra Long and low maxilla

27-29 teeth Enlongate maxilla Caniniform teeth Sharp and recurved posteriorly dentition Homodont dentition No toothplates Palatine teeth infer insectivory

Centrum lengths of the Cervical vertebrae are greated than the rest of the presacral vertebrae Neural spines running of the cervical vertebrae are thicker and more robust

Transverse processes of the vertebrae are short Ribs are not strongly curved like the rest of the edaphosaurs Longest neural spine is at vertebrae 17

29 Presacral vertebrae Lack tubercles on the neural spines

Neural spine sail is the smallest of the Edaphosauridae No more than 5 tubercles on neural spines 27 Neural spines in the sail No central elements in all neural spines Neural spines lean forward in cervical region and rearward in the lumbar region Neural spines begin at third cervical vertebrae on down to the second to last lumbar vertebrae Measurements of the centra impossible to crush and bad preparation Proximal portions of the neural spines are laterally compressed Neural spines are subcircular at the basal tubercle Considered a tool for heat exchange over a sexual dimorphism or “solar collector”

Right scapulocorocoid Left pelvis Partial manus Left humerous Only 2 usable Ianthasaurus have been recovered

Medial view: the scapular and anterior corocoid is exposed. Posterior corocoid is unavalible Scapula and corocoid are separated by nature or by degradation along suture contact Gleniod is too poorly preserved Supragleniod foramen exist? At the anterior margin of scapular blade, a notch is seen in many pelcosaurs Function? Anterior corocoid expanded dorsoventrally and with a convex shape. Function?

Humerus badly preserved and featureless Distal end of humerous is narrow and no supinator process seen Diaphysis is almost perfectly round in cross section No evidence of the epiphyses being twisted about the bone

Identified as the ulnare, intermedium medial and lateral centrale Nothing can be offered, not enough.

Illuim is well-developed with a blade-like processes extending posteriorly The anterodorsal process is smaller than the posteriordorsal process

Ribs are slighly curved with a smooth tubercular bump Complete ilium has been found Pubis and ischium have been lost Iliac blade is extended posteriorly like other primitive pelycosaurs Obturator foramen on posterior edge, but posterior boarder is opened Indicates that this specimen is immature Ischium retains the structure of other early pelycosaurs Pubis and ischium are narrowly connected below the acetabulum

Lived in the Lower Permian of North-Central Texas Represented by a single skull Shares 5 synapomorphies with Edaphosaurs

What is G? G= 5 reasons

Transverse flange of pterygiod is missing

The prefrontal bone ventral process is transversly expanded

No caniniform teeth No caniniform region Premaxillary and maxillary teeth identical

8 species currently recognized Edaphosaurus E. boanerges E. cruciger- largest sail E. pogonias E. novomexicanus E. colohistion E. credneri E. raymondi

Most species are described by 1 or 2 badly preserved skulls Many specimens found in the Geraldine Bonebed in Archer County, Texas Larger barrel shaped body over Ianthasaurus

Dozens of specimens found in North-Central Texas Many complete skulls No so many complete skeletons Used as the model for all Edaphosaurs

Reduced skull size Head is the size of 5 dorsal centra Not as enlongate as the Ianthasaurus Process of the postorbital is short, not extending to the parietal foramen Nasal bone is ¾ the size of the frontal Subtemporal bar is displaced superiorly Temporal fenestra is enlarged anteriorly and posteriorly

Supraorbital shelf is wide and deep concealing the orbits Lacrimal bone is thin at the maxillae and progressively thickens posteriorly suggesting it carries some kind of load and transfers it to the prefrontal Prefrontal and lacrimal form a buttress attachment for reinforcement The nasal bone has a “scarred shelf” and sutures that lock into the prefrontal bone as well as thicken around the orbit. Suggests that carries load for feeding

Premaxilla is enlongated in cross section Premaxilla has 5 teeth, but none have survived to determine dimensions The maxilla accomodates teeth No Caniniform teeth No Caniniform region No pterygiod flange All Homodont/isodonty dentition

Jaw is suspended way below the upper tooth row Well developed tooth plates on palate and mandible Densely packet teeth Tooth plates form on the palate and inner aspect of the mandible Palatal plate consists of the pterygoid ectopterygiod, and palatine

Mandibular tooth plate is formed by the coroniod, posterior coroniod, and prearticular bones Denticulated plate is formed by the ant coroniod, coroniod and prearticular bones teeth per palatal bone plate Maxilla bone is twisted out laterally Dentary bone is twisted in medially Purpose?

Massive tooth plate found on the mandible, bigger than on the maxilla/palate Deeply cut through mandibular symphysis Jaw articulation denoted propalinal or front to back movement of jaws Maxillary teeth progressively angle backwards as you go to the dentary bone

Reduced homodont dentition Isodonty in the marginal teeth cropped plant matter Teeth are distally swollen Fine serrated tips curving backwards Palatal and mandibular tooth plates served as primary grinders of plant matter Posterior maxillae and dentary teeth assisted with minor grinding

Supraoccipital has little lateral exposure Tabular bones are thick towards the parietal, but they are thin and suture into paraocciptal bones Postorbital is a slender sigmiodal bone..

Cervical vertebrae are extremely short compared to the dorsal and lumbar vertebrae Ianthasaurus has longer centra on their cervical vertebrae Contain neural spines that are enlongated with longitudinal ridges at the sides of the spines

Anterior to mid dorsal neural spines are tall and pointed. E. boanerges has the second longest neural spines Neural spines are tall and pointed with a slight posterior angulations Multiple lateral tubercules that are arranged laterally across the neural spines

Neural spine tips of sacral and caudal vertebrae are roughened or crenulated like a castle They have longitudianal ridges that are rough Anterior view w/ R rib

Ventrally hypertropied clavicle A heavy scapular blade A reinforced or Butressed supragleniod fossa Increased coracoid processes

Anterior neural spines neural spines lean forward, lean posteriorly towards lumbar neural spines.

Dorsal ribs are strongly curved to the midline Tuberculae are well developed and slightly roughened

Ilium: anterodorsal process are in equal size of the posterodorsal process.

First fragments recovered by P.E. Raymond in Pitcairn,Pennsylvania in 1908 Romer and Price wanted to keep this sample as E. mirabilis, but renamed it due to geopgraphic incompatibilies (1940) Permian sample Only small spine fragment with some tubercles found

12mm long Oval in cross-section Anterior and posterior sides cannot be dicerned Little of lateral tubercle survives Unknown mature sample Declared a novum vanum

Early Permian pelycosaur found in the Wichita deposits of Texas First thought by Romer or intermediate betweeen Edaphosaurus and Dimetrodon Lack of cranial fossils Lack of Ianthasaurus-like shoulder girdle, nothing to compare it to.

Only 3 survived Centrum is 30mm long Have a mid ventral keel The centra have a diamond shape when cut transversly This aspect is considered to be conserved through out the vertebral column Anterior and posterior articular faces have “heavy lips” Transverse processes are nearly identical to Edaphosaurus

Sacral vertebrae have been recovered, but the number is unknown Considered robust and shorter, but the anterolateral aspect is dominated by the articulation to the ribs

NO tubercles Elevated transverse processes across the vertebral column Zygapophyses are elevated The centrum have a projecting keel

Lacked trabecular crossbars in neural spines Mid-Dorsal Neural spine end missing Neural spines have a forward tilt of 20 degrees at the base Neural spines appear triangular at the base 8 spines have been recovered, considered to belong to the cervical vertebrae Tall and narrow, no lateral depressions or modifications Subcircular in cross-section

Mid Dorsal neural spines extend vertically, or almost perpendicular to level of the vertebral column Posteriodorsal neuro spinous processes lean posterior of the animal Maintain a similar orientation to that of Ianthasaurus

Expanded ventral aspect Slightly bigger than the range of the edaphosaur clavicle Anteromedial aspect is thick but the anterodorsal aspect is missing. Maybe some of clavicle is missing!

Dorsal edge of scapula preserved Scapula blade could be larger and longer than any previous recorded pelycosaur! Probably smooth surfaced Contains a broad convex fossa on medial side for large subcorocoid muscle Supragleniod contains lots of bone Gleniod fossa is marginally preserved, hard to analyze

An enlarged sail seems to be primitive, with advanced organisms down regulating the sail size. Conversion from omnivorous to plant eater with advancing species Edaphosaurs and Ianthasaurs clearly vary Look for key features Caniniform vs non-caniniform Prefrontal transverse process Smooth or roughened neural spines Glaucosaurs: an interesting intermediate Lupeosaurs are tenative edaphosaurs, but their vertebral and spinous process features confirm their standing as Edaphosaurs