Chapter 7 States of Consciousness
Consciousness Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environments
Consciousness Waking Consciousness What you are currently aware of and attending to Linear (serial) processing The result of cognitive processing
Consciousness Subconsciousness That which lies just below your waking consciousness Easily accessible Parallel processing
Consciousness Unconsciousness Reactions and processing outside our awareness
Altered States of Consciousness Sleep and Dreams Hypnosis Chemically altered states
Sleep and Dreams Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness Circadian Rhythm the biological clock regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle, such as of wakefulness and body temperature
Sleep and Dreams Stage 1 Lasts up to 5 minutes Hallucinations Hypnogogic experience Stage 2 20 minutes Sleep spindles Sleep talking may occur
Sleep and Dreams Stage 3 Transitional stage Lasts only a few minutes Stage 4 Brain emits delta waves Lasts 30 minutes Sleep walking, bed wetting may occur You can still process the outside world
Brain Waves and Sleep Stages Alpha Waves slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain Delta Waves large, slow waves of deep sleep
Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM
Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep Hours of sleep Minutes of Stage 4 and REM Decreasing Stage 4 Increasing REM
Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “paradoxical sleep” muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active
Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration depressed immune system greater vulnerability to accidents
Sleep Disorders Insomnia persistent problems in falling or staying asleep Narcolepsy uncontrollable sleep attacks Sleep Apnea temporary cessation of breathing momentary reawakenings
Night Terrors and Nightmares Night Terrors occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 high arousal-- appearance of being terrified Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM
Dreams What are dreams made of?
Dreams: Freud Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings Manifest Content remembered story line Latent Content underlying meaning
Dreams: Freud Dreams Dream is a safe outlet for the mind Deals with unacceptable thoughts and emotions Manifest content is the “dressed up” symbolic version of the unconscious Most adult dreams have strong sexual undertones Dream interpenetration is the “royal road to the unconscious”
Dreams: Information processing As Information Processing Dreams serve to sift and sort memories of our daily experiences Helps us to better process and store memories and learning from the previous day
Dreams: Information processing Support for theory REM sleep increases following a stressful experience and intense learning experiences People will perform worse on a memory test if kept from dreaming the night before
Dreams: Activation-synthesis Neural activity is random and dreams are your brain’s attempt to make sense of it Your brain tries to impose meaning on meaningless stimuli
Dreams: Activation-synthesis Support Eye movement of REM sleep coincides with bursts of neural activity in the visual cortex Would account for random and bizarre occurrences in dreams
Dreams: Physiological Function Dreams serve to provide neural stimulation for a sleeping brain Stimulation of the neural pathways strengthens connections and makes processing faster and more efficient
Dreams: Physiological Function Support Infants and children experience longer periods of REM sleep than adults. REM sleep periods decrease as we age
Sleep Across the Lifespan
Dreams So which is the best theory?